unit 5 Flashcards
law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions
clear and present danger test
denies the gov the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property
due process of law
a standard of equal treatment must be observed by the government
equal protection of the law
first amendment ban on laws “respecting an establishment of religion”
establishment clause
improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial
exclusionary rule
right of the people to speak, publish, and assemble
freedom of expression
people shall be free to exercise their religion and gov may not establish a religion
freedom of religion
first amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion
free exercise clause
an error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that the evident may be used in a trial
good-faith exception
court cases that apply the bill of rights to the states
incorporation
writing that falsely injures another person
libel
reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest, more than mere suspicion
probable cause
a judge’s order authorizing a search
search warrant
an act that conveys a political message
symbolic speech
court ruling that gov cannot be involved with religion
wall of separation
programs designed to increase minority participation in some institutions by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members
affirmative action
opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment
civil disobedience
the rights of the people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences
civil rights
racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law,, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement.
de facto segregation
racial segregation that is required by law
de jure segregation
giving people an equal chance to succeed
equality of opportunity
making certain that people achieve the same result
equality of result
a slang expression for the laws and practices that kept afircan americans in segregated or subordinated positions.
jim crow
authority of state governments to secure the safety, comfort, health and morals of their citizens.
police powers
using race or sex to give preferential treatment ot some people
reverse discrimination
the doctrine established in plessy v ferguson that african americans could constitutionally be kept in separable but equal facilities.
separate but equal
a supreme court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal.
strict scrutiny
classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity
suspect classifications
