Unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
(parenchyma/stroma): Cells Responsible for Main Organ
Function
A
parenchyma
2
Q
(parenchyma/stroma): Supporting Elements or Matrix of the Organ
A
stroma
3
Q
(connective/epithelial) tissue cells are abundant in the ECM
A
connective
4
Q
eosin is (an acidic/a basic) dye that stains cytoplasm, basement membrane, collagen fibers
A
an acidic dye
5
Q
objects stained by eosin are said to be (basophilic/acidophilic)
A
acidophilic
6
Q
eosin stains (blue/pink)
A
pink
7
Q
hematoxylin is (an acidic/a basic) dye; stains heterochromatin, nucleolus, rough ER, sulfated GAGs
A
basic dye, objects stained are said to be basophilic
8
Q
epithelia are derived from which germ layers of the embryo
A
all three
9
Q
simple ____ cells cover the ovary and thyroid
A
simple cuboidal
10
Q
simple ____ cells line the vessels, pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
A
simple squamous
11
Q
simple ___ cells line the intestine and gall bladder
A
simple columnar
12
Q
pseudostratified cells line the ____, _____, ____ ____
A
trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity
13
Q
transitional cells are found mainly in the:
A
bladder and ureters
14
Q
stratified _____ cells are found in the conjunctiva
A
columnar
15
Q
stratified surface layer squamous nonkeratinized cells are (dry/moist) and found in the (epidermis/mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal)
A
moist
mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal
16
Q
stratified ___ cells are found in sweat glands and developing ovarian follicles
A
cuboidal
17
Q
______ membranes: respiratory epithelium, glomerular
A
basement
18
Q
(cilia/microvilli): Fingerlike extensions of the apical surface
that increase surface area
A
microvilli
19
Q
microvilli in instestinal epithelial cells called the ____ border and sometimes called the ____ border
A
striated border, brush border
20
Q
____ border: microvilli in the proximal renal tubule
A
brush border
21
Q
microvilli found in the male reproductive tract
A
stereocilia
22
Q
(hypertrophy/hyperplasia): increase in number
A
hyperplasia
23
Q
(dysplasia/metaplasia): change in organization
A
dysplasia
24
Q
five layers of the epidermis
A
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
25
cellular origin of melanocytes
neural crest cells
26
____: not part of skin, binds skin to underlying tissues
hypodermis
27
(dermis/epidermis): a layer of connective tissue that includes dermal papillae
dermis
28
stratum (basale/spinosum): a single cell layer of stem cells
basale
29
stratum (granulosum/spinosum): mitotically active prickle cell layer
spinosum
30
clear layer seen only in thick skin
stratum lucidum
31
stratum (granulosum/corneum): non proliferating cells with stained granules
granulosum
32
keratinized cell "ghosts" in skin layer
stratum corneum
33
Langerhans cells can be selectively stained with:
gold chloride
34
SALT stands for
skin associated lymphoid tissue
35
epithelial tactile cells, sensitive mechanoreceptor
merkel cells
36
(resident/immigrant) connective tissue cells: mesenchymal, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, reticular cells, adipocytes
resident
37
(resident/immigrant) connective tissue cells: macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, leukocytes
immigrant
38
(fibroblast/fibrocyte): mitotically active, oval nucleus, euchromatic, well developed RER
fibroblast
39
(fibroblast/fibrocyte): spindle shaped, heterochromatic nucleus, acidophilic cytoplasm
fibrocyte
40
(fibroblast/reticular cell): Stellate‐shaped cells with oval euchromatic nucleus that has a prominent nucleolus
reticular cell
41
specialized for lipid storage, signet ring cells
white adipose cells or adipocytes
42
dye used for macrophages
trypan blue
43
macrophage nucleus is (oval/kidney) shaped
kidney
44
main function of Langerhans cell
antigen presentation
45
largest connective tissue cell, cytoplasm filled with membrane bound basophilic granules that contain histamine
mast cell (involved in allergic reactions)
46
connective tissue cell: large oval nucleus, clock face nucleus, primary producers of immunoglobulins
plasma cell
47
• The viscous viscous mixture mixture that binds cells to
connective tissue fibers.
• Consists of GAGs, proteoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins (e.g. laminin and
fibronectin).
ground substance
48
most widespread collagen (I/II/III)
I
49
collagen in cartilage (I/II/III)
II
50
collagen in reticular fibers (I/II/III)
III
51
collagen that resists tension (I/II/III)
I
52
collagen that resists pressure (I/II/III)
II
53
collagen that forms a flexible meshwork (I/II/III)
III
54
collagen that anchors BM to collagen fibers (XII/ IV/ VII)
VII
55
Lamina densa has
| mesh of type (XII/IV/VII) collagen
IV
56
(osteogenesis imperfecta/scurvy): impaired wound healing
scurvy
57
(ehlers-danos type IV/osteogenesis imperfecta): aortic rupture, fractures
osteogenesis imperfecta
58
(ehlers-danos type IV/osteogenesis imperfecta): aortic rupture, intestinal ruptures (type III collagen faulty)
ehlers-danos
59
stain reticular fibers with:
silver
60
Marfan’s syndrome patients have mutant (elastin/fibrillin)
fibrillin
61
color of collagen in H&E stain
pink
62
color of elastic in H&E stain
pink
63
how to distinguish elastic from collagen
stain elastic with Resorcin-fuchsin or Picro-orecin stain
64
(loose areolar/loose regular) CT: lots of resident cells, positioned between tissues and allows movement
loose areolar-found in lamina propria, mesentery, papillary layer of dermis
65
(dense irregular/dense regular) CT: interwoven fibers, found in organ capsules, reticular layer of the dermis, and periosteum
dense irregular CT
66
(dense irregular/dense regular) CT: more fibers than cells, parallel bundles or sheets or fibers, found in tendons, ligaments, cornea
dense regular
67
uniocular fat is (brown/yellow)
yellow
68
multiocular fat is (brown/yellow)
brown
69
(collagen/proteoglycan aggregate) in cartilage maintains tissue shape and produces tensile strength
collagen
70
(collagen/proteoglycan aggregate) in cartilage provides resilience
proteoglycan aggregate
71
proteoglycan aggregate starts with ___ ____ and then you add ____________
core proteins
| add glycosaminoglycans
72
core of proteoglycan aggregate (long)
hyaluronic acid core
73
protein secreting cell, rich in RER, round diffuse nucleus, prominent nucleolus, synthesizes collagens
chondrocyte
74
hyaline cartilage composed of type (I/II/III) collagen and a few (fibrocytes/fibroblasts)
type II
| fibroblasts
75
(appositional/interstitial) growth: increase in mass by addition of material to the surface
appositional
76
(appositional/interstitial) growth: increase in mass by addition of material from within
interstitial
77
three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibro
78
spaces within the matrix in hyaline cartilage
lacunae
79
where chondrocytes live in hyaline cartilage
within lacunae
80
matrix of hyaline cartilage is (acidophilic/basophilic)
basophilic
81
(hyaline/elastic) cartilage found in: external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube, larynx
elastic-flexible support needed
82
(elastic/fibro) cartilage found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphasis, menisci, some tendons
fibrocartilage
83
cartilage end plate of intervertebral disc is composed of (fibro/hyaline) cartilage
hyaline
84
annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc is composed of (hyaline/fibro) cartilage
fibrocartilage
85
nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc is derived from the _____
notocord
86
in fibrocartilage, type (I/II/III) collagen predominates, ground substance is (decreased/increased), collagen in (increased/decreased)
type I collagen
ground substance reduced
collagen increased
87
ECM of fibrocartilage tends to be (basophilic/acidophilic)
acidophilic/eosinophilic
88
type of cartilage most susceptible to calcification of the matrix
hyaline
89
(chondroma/chondrosarcoma): benign cartilage tumors
chondroma
90
(chondroma/chondrosarcoma): slow growing malignant tumors
chondrosarcoma
91
(Diaphysis/Epiphysis): bulbous ends of long bone
epiphysis
92
(Diaphysis/Epiphysis): cylindrical part of long bone, thick outer layer of compact bone with thin marrow cavity containing spongy bone
diaphysis
93
(fibrocartilage/dense regular connective tissue) has irregular fiber distribution
fibrocartilage
94
(fibrocartilage/dense regular connective tissue) has more cells per unit area
dense regular CT
95
(fibrocartilage/dense regular connective tissue) has rounder chondrocytes
fibrocartilage
96
The ecm of bone of bone
exists in well defined layers
called
lamellae
97
Within each lamella the
collagen fibers are oriented
(parallel/perpendicular) to each other
parallel
98
An osteocyte
exists within
each of the
(lamellae/lacunae).
lacunae
99
______ are the small channels that radiate in all directions through the ECM from each lacuna
canaliculi
100
The processes of adjacent
osteocytes are in contact with
one another by means of one another by means of ____ ___
gap junctions (so adjacent osteocytes can exchange ions and small molecules)
101
(Haversian canals/Volkmans canals) run parallel to long axis of bone and contain small blood vessels, loose CT, nerves
Haversian
102
(Haversian canals/Volkmans canals) run at oblique angles to long axis of bone
Volkmans--they connect the Haversian canals to each other and to the free surface
103
main structural units of compact bone
Haversian systems
104
the three types of lamellar oganization:
1-Haversian systems
2. inner and outer circumferential lamellae
3. interstitial lamellae
105
(organic/inorganic) EC matrix of bone contains type I collagen, ground substance, responsible for toughness and resilience
organic
106
(organic/inorganic) ECM of bone contains calcium phosphate, responsible for hardness
inorganic
107
osteoprogenitor cells: present in (development/adults)
adults
108
osteoprogenitor cells:(not actively/actively) making bone
not actively making bone
109
osteoprogenitor cells: (more/less) basophilic cytoplasm
less
110
_____ _____ are persisting fragments of previous Haversian systems
interstitial lamellae
111
podosomes
attach osteoclasts to bone, form a tight seal
112
osteoclasts are (small and mononucleated/large and multinucleated)
large and multinucleated
113
(osteogenesis imperfecta/osteopetrosis): dense, heavy bones caused by defective osteoclasts
osteopetrosis
114
abnormal calcification of bone matrix leads to softening of bones, due to insufficient dietary calcium or failure to produce vitamin D in children
Rickets
115
smooth muscle cells are (multinucleated/mononucleated)
single spindle shaped euchromatic nucleus
116
```
the (muscle cells/collagen cells)
stain bright pink,
while the cytoplasm of
the (collagen cells/muscle cells) stains
pink with a blue cast
```
collagen-pink
| cytoplasm of muscle cells-blue cast
117
(Epimysium/Perimysium): (dense regular c.t.)
| surrounds entire muscle
Epimysium
118
(Epimysium/Perimysium): (loose c.t.)
| divides muscle into fascicles
perimysium
119
(Perimysium/Endomysium): (reticular fibers)
| surrounds individual muscle fibers
endomysium
120
the regularity of sarcomere structure is maintained by a large protein called ____
titin
121
granules of ANF in cardiac muscle cell released in response to ___ ____, control water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure
wall stretch
122
two most vulnerable parts of the heart's conducting system
AV bundle and bundle branch
123
in atherosclerosis, which type of muscle builds up in the tunica intima of blood vessels
smooth muscle
124
(epineurium/perineurium): outermost layer of connective tissue of nerve, binds fascicles together into nerves
epineurium
125
(epineurium/perineurium): prominent layer of modified fibroblasts (epithelioid myofibroblasts) and collagen fibers, groups nerve fibers into bundles or fascicles
perineurium
126
(perineurium/endoneurium): acts as a selective blood-nerve barrier
perineurium
127
(perineurium/endoneurium): delicate layer of reticular fibers produced by Schwann cells
endoneurium
128
(sensory/autonomic) ganglia: contain cell bodies of multipolar neurons, synapses within ganglion, unmyelinated fibers, acentric nucleus
autonomic
129
(sensory/autonomic) ganglia: cell bodies of psudeounipolar neurons, no synapses within ganglion, myelinated fibers, central nucleus and regular ring of satellite cells
sensory
130
(Meissner's/Pacinian) corpuscles: dermal papillae of hairless skin, small, low frequency stimuli
meissner's
131
(Meissner's/Pacinian) corpuscles: hypodermis of skin, larger, pressure and vibration
Pacinian
132
higher pressure circuit: (pulmonary/systemic)
systemic
133
lymph moves in one direction (with/without) a pump
without a pump
134
tunica (intima/media): endothelium, basement
membrane, subendothelial layer of loose CT,
and an internal elastic lamina (in arteries)
intima
135
tunica (adventitia/media): smooth muscle, variable
amounts of elastic fibers and lamellae, reticular
fibers, proteoglycans, and external elastic lamina
media
136
tunica (adventitia/media): fibroblasts, longitudinal
| collagen and elastic fibers, vasa vasorum (+/-)
adventitia
137
the arteriole tunica adventitia is made of ___ __
loose CT
138
the tunica adventitia of elastic arteries and muscular arteries is (thin/thick)
thin
139
(muscular arteries/arterioles) have 1-5 smooth muscle layers
arterioles
140
(elastic arteries/muscular arteries) have 6-39 smooth muscle layers and +/- external elastic lamina
muscular arteries
141
elastic or conducting arteries: (aorta and its main branches/terminal abdominal aorta and external carotids)
aorta and its main branches
142
mixed or musculo-elastic arteries: (aorta and its main branches/terminal abdominal aorta and external carotids)
terminal abdominal aorta, iliac arteries, external carotids
143
(elastic/mixed or musculo-elastic) arteries: more obvious internal elastic lamina
mixed or musculo-elastic
144
(muscular arteries/arterioles): intima has decreasing or absent internal elastic lamina
arterioles
145
(muscular arteries/arterioles): adventitia scant
arterioles
146
largest arteries continue growing until age __
25
147
most common of the three types of capillaries
continuous capillaries
148
(continuous/fenestrated) capillaries: found in the endocrine pancreas, intestines, and endocrine glands, specialized for rapid exchange
fenestrated
149
irregular blood channels in endocrine glands, liver, bone marrow, spleen
sinusoids
150
(small/large) pores in capillaries are in the occluding junctions
small
151
(small/large) pores in capillaries correspond to transcytosis by vesicles
large
152
(pericytic/muscular) venules: resemble large capillaries
pericytic
153
(pericytic/muscular) venules: 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle and a thin adventitia
muscular
154
____ systems carry blood from one capillary bed to another
portal
155
arteriovenous anastomoses
cross connect arterioles and venules
156
lymphatic vessels: larger vessels similar to (arteries/veins), capillaries have discontinous BL and AFs
veins
157
lymph vessels: (small/large) lumens, (thick/thin) walls, (irregular/regular) shapes
large lumens
thin walls
irregular shapes
branch parallel to capillaries and veins
158
fat laden macrophages seen in atherosclerosis that indicate plaque build up
foam cells
159
as the arterial vessels become smaller, the external elastic lamina:
goes away
160
the tunica (intima/media) forms a permeable or semipermeable layer
intima
161
the tunica (intima/media) controls diameter and blood pressure and movement
media
162
the tunica (media/adventitia) provides physical support, attaches vessel to tissue, and carries vessels and nerves
adventitia
163
the endocardium of the heart is homologous to the tunica (media/intima)
intima
164
the myocaridum of the heart is homologous to the tunica (media/adventitia)
media
165
the epicardium of the heart is homologous to the tunica (intima/adventitia)
adventitia
166
pericytes share the basal lamina with which type of cells
endothelial cells
167
most common type of capillary (fenestrated/continuous)
continuous
168
longest capillaries are in:
skeletal muscles
169
(fenestrated/continuous) capillaries: complete endothelium, complete basal lamina, occluding (tight) junctions, lots of vesicles
continuous
170
(goblet cells/enterocytes): absorptive cells
enterocytes
171
type of epithelium in ileum
simple columnar
172
type of epithelium in esophagus
stratified squamous
173
where would you find stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
sole of foot, thick skin
174
where would you find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
trachea
175
where would you find transitional epithelium
bladder
176
what special type of cells are on the outside of the bladder epithelium
dome cells
177
more superficial layer of skin: dermal papillae or reticular layer?
dermal papillae
178
dermal papillae project into:
the epidermal pegs
179
goblet cells produce
mucins (for lubricating the intestine, trachea)
180
what type of granules does the stratum granulosum contain
keratohyalin
181
what type of cell connections are found in the stratum spinosum
desmosomes
182
what color do macrophages stain
blue (trypan blue)
183
fibroblasts have (round/elongate) (pink/purple) nuclei
elongate purple
184
what color are eosinophils
copper/pink-red
185
the papillary layer of skin is made of (loose connective/dense irregular) tissue
loose connective
186
the reticular layer of skin is made of (loose connective/dense irregular) tissue
dense irregular
187
the tendon is an excellent example of dense (regular/irregular) connective tissue
regular
188
lacteal
lymphatic capillary
