unit 5 Flashcards
physical environment
large effector on agriculture
climate-precipitation, temperature
space/landforms-arable/non-arable
soil/nutrients
tropical and subtropical
Shifting Cultivation
Plantation
Characteristics:
○ High temperatures,
○ abundant rainfall,
○ humidity,
○ high amounts of
vegetation
dry lands/desert
● Pastoral Nomadism
● Livestock Ranching
● Characteristics:
○ High temperatures,
○ Little rainfall,
○ Mountainous,
○ Little vegetation
temperate
● Mixed Crop & Livestock
● Commercial Grain Farming
● Commercial (Market) Gardening
● Dairy
● Mediterranean
● Characteristics:
○ Seasonal changes between
summers and winters,
○ Moderate temperatures,
○ Moderate rainfall
environmental possibilism
The physical environment can impact the ways in which human society develops, however humans can utilize technology in order to combat natural limitations.
What factors impact the type of
agriculture grown around the
world?
the physical environment
metes and bounds
▫ Great Britain to N. America
▫ Utilization of landmarks and
physical features to establish
boundary lines.
▫ Results in irregular shaped plots
of land.
long lot
▫ France & Spain to N. America
▫ Long strips of land that start at a
river or lake with the intention of
providing all landowners with equal
access to the resources (soil &
water) and transportation.
township and range
▫ Pioneered by Thomas Jefferson
▫ Rectangles and grid system.
▫ Each township is 6 miles x 6 miles
▫ Keep track of land sales and
purchases, utilize a uniform survey
method.
clustered
Throughout European
history, rural residents lived in groups
of homes in close proximity to one
another.
▫ Farmland and pasture surround
the settlement
▫ Share resources & community
▫ Have to walk to farmland
▫ Metes and Bounds Survey
Methods
dispersed
Major characteristic is that
settlements are isolated and dispersed over
the land area.
▫ US government promoted westward
expansion by giving farmers land
(usually 160 acres) if they agreed to live
and farm on it.
linear
Settlement is organized along
a LINE - typically associated with
transportation system or physical
feature like a river or coast.
▫ Long Lot Survey Methods
hearth
The geographic origin of a trait, characteristic, innovation or other
concept. Remember, it is where something is “born.”
domestication
The deliberate effort to
grow plants and raise animals, making
plants and animals adapt to human
demands.
agricultural hearths
The separate
locations in which groups of people
began to domesticate plants and animals.
independent inventions
Occurs when a trait has many cultural
hearths; the idea that the trait developed separately without being
influenced by other cultural groups.
contagious diffusion
Agriculture
first diffused to the immediate
surrounding areas of the hearths
through close contact and proximity
between farmers.
immigration and migration
Example of
relocation diffusion. As people migrate
they bring food, ingredients, seeds and
animals with them!
when was the first agricultural revolution started and how was it diffused?
▪ When & Where: 12,000-10,000 years ago, Fertile
Crescent
▪ Diffusion: Trade routes & the Columbian
Exchange
when was the second agricultural revolution started and how was it diffused?
▪ When & Where: 1750, Great Britain
▪ Diffusion: Through G. Britain into Europe and the US
what was the main cause of the second agricultural revolution?
industrial revolution
enclosure movement
Series of laws enacted by the
British government that enabled landowners to purchase and
enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmer
Green Revelution
Introduced chemicals, pesticides and many new farming techniques
1940-1980
Second Agricultural Revolution
Introduced machinery, made farming faster and easier, and gave many people jobs in factories
Shifting Cultivation
farmers go from land plot to land plot, completely farming the soil until it is no longer fertile
Bid-rent theory
The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market.
Von Thunen Model
1) Dairy farming and market gardening
2)Timber
3)Grains and cereals
4)Livestock ranching
SUBSISTENCE
Crops and livestock are grown to feed the farmer, family & community. May sell small surplus at local markets.
COMMERCIAL
Crops and livestock are grown to be sold on the global market. Purpose is to make a profit, not to sustain the farmer’s family.
Monocropping (Monoculture)
The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally.
Agribusiness
The large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution, financial funding and research of agricultural products and equipment.
Economies of Scale
Large scale farming is cost effective due to lower bulk prices for farming supplies and technologies.
Technological Advances
Further increase the cost of operating farms but also increases the efficiency of agriculture.
