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biology > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genome

A

an entire set of genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

DNA

A

chemical all our genetic material is made of inside the nucleus of a cell. It’s a polymer with a ‘double helix’ structure

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3
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for production of a characteristic

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

thread like structure found in nucleus of a cell made of DNA and contains genes

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5
Q

allele

A

different version of the same gene- codes for different version of characteristic

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6
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics of organism

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7
Q

geneotype

A

the genes present for a trait

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8
Q

dominant alleles

A

a version of a gene where only one copy is needed for it to be expressed 

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9
Q

recessive allele

A

a version of a gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

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10
Q

homozygous

A

two of the same alleles

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11
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles 

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12
Q

homologous pair

A

pair of chromosomes, carry genes controlling the same features at the same positions on each chromosome. the member of each homologous pair have the same size and shape

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13
Q

diploid cells

A

46 chromosomes-23 homologous pairs like human cells

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14
Q

haploid cells

A

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

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15
Q

when does mitosis occur

A

need to divide for growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction

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16
Q

what is mitosis

A

when a parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are genetically identical and have the same number and type of chromosomes. This happens in all human cells except gamets

17
Q

what must the dividing cells do to achieve mitosis

A
  • must copy each chromosome before it divides this involves DNA replicating
    -must divide in a way that each daughter cell receives one copy of every chromosome
18
Q

what is mono hybrid inheritance

A

the inheritance one one allele can be found with a punnet square

19
Q

what do family pedigrees show

A

the inheritance of an allele over generations

20
Q

what is meiosis

A

the formation of 4 non identical cells from one cell to form gamets (haploid cells)

21
Q

what 2 things must parent cell do in meiosis

A
  • copy each chromosome so there is enough genetic material for the 4 daughter cells
    -must divide twice in a way that each daughter cell receives one chromosome from each pair
22
Q

events of meiosis cell division

A

1st division- one chromosome from each homologous pair goes into each daughter cell 
2nd division- chromosome separate into 2 chromatids and goes to each daughhter cell

23
Q

two differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

-mitosis produced 2 genetically identical cells whereas meiosis produces 4
-mitosis produces diploid cells whereas meiosis produced haploid cells

24
Q

sexual reporting

A

the fusion of two gamets to forms genetically different zygote

25
Q

asexual reproduction

A

involves a single parent, creating genetically identical offspring used for cloning and happens commonly
in plants

26
Q

genetic variation

A

the difference in DNA sequences of individuals in the same species

27
Q

mutation

A

rare and random changes in genetic material that can be inherited 

28
Q

evolution definition

A

change in form of an organism over the course of time

29
Q

natural selection definition

A

process where certain individuals in a population survive because they have better adapted to their environment

30
Q

how natural selection works

A
  1. variation within a species, brought be mutation
  2. changing conditions in an environment (selective pressure), favors one form of species (selective advantage)
  3. frequency of favored form increases, survival of the fittest
    4.passes on allele by reproduction, selective advantage becomes widespread.
31
Q

what is antibiotic resistant

A

-antibiotic kill bacteria, most common=penicillin we have been using them for so long that come bacteria had become resistant.
-this happens when a mutation is developed in the DNA
-the resistant bacteria survives and cant be killed, no longer effective

32
Q

what is speciation

A
  • a population gets geographically separated because of the environment
    -this prevent interbreeding
    -different mutations take place in isolated groups and create different phenotype
    -they evolve and can now not interbreed
33
Q

what is selective breeding

A

-breeding only the individuals with the desired characteristics
-called artificial selection, humans make choice not environment
-offspring have higher chance of inheriting desired characteristics

34
Q

reasons why animals are selectively bred

A

-greater quantity of offspring
-better quality skin/fur
-more disease resistant
-run raster

35
Q

reasons why plants are selectively bred

A

-high yield
-pest resistant
-drought/ flood resistant
-more nutritious/ better flavour
-longer shelf life

biology (6 decks)

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