Unit 5

Question 1

The biochemical pathway organisms use to convert macromolecules into ATP; energy is stored in the bonds of macromolecules - as bonds are brokem, energy is released.

Answer 1

cellular respiration

Question 2

What is the energy from bonds used for?

Answer 2

to generate ATP

Question 3

What is a reduction reaction?

Answer 3

reaction in which electrons are added to a substrate, generally increases the energy state of a substrate

Question 4

What is an oxidation reaction?

Answer 4

reaction in which electrons are lost from a substrate, generally lowers the energy state of a substrate

Question 5

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 5

cytosol, mitochondrion

Question 6

The initial stage of cellular respiration is accomplished by enzymes that are dissolved in the ___.

Answer 6

cytosol

Question 7

The complete oxidation of organic macromolecules and the manufacture of ATp occurs within the ___.

Answer 7

mitochondrion

Question 8

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

reactions that may be performed in the absence of oxygen

Question 9

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 9

reactions that require the presence of oxygen

Question 10

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 10

complete digestion of pyruvate to generate electron carriers

Question 11

The transfer of a phosphate to a substrate

Answer 11

phosphorylation

Question 12

Transfer of a phosphate from one substrate to another

Answer 12

subrate-level phosphorylation

Question 13

Transfer of a phosphate dissolved in the cytosol to a substrate

Answer 13

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

What do electron carriers do?

Answer 14

shuttle electrons liberated during the redox reactions of cellular respiration to the electron transport chain. NADH carries electrons from glycosis to Krebs, FADH2 carries electrons from Krebs

Question 15

What stage is the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration?

Answer 15

second

Question 16

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 16

complete digestion of pyruvate to generate many electron carriers

Question 17

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 17

8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2

Question 18

Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Answer 18

intermembrane space for the mitochondrion

Question 19

What is the third stage of cellular respiration?

Answer 19

ETC/Chemiosmosis

Question 20

What is the purpose of ETC/Chemiosmosis?

Answer 20

to generate 32-34 ATP

Question 21

What are the products of ETC/Chemiosmosis?

Answer 21

8 NAD+, 2 FAD+, 32-34 ATP

Question 22

Electron carriers transfer electrons to proteins in the ___.

Answer 22

electron transport chain

Question 23

Where in the cell does ETC exist?

Answer 23

sequential redox reactions move protons from the inner mitochondrial space to the intermembrane space, proton gradient is called proton motive force

Question 24

Where in the cell does chemiosmosis occur?

Answer 24

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 25

What is the function of chemisosmosis?

Answer 25

produce ATP, using electrochemical gradient

Question 26

What is the product of chemiosmosis?

Answer 26

ATP

Question 27

Which process is used to generate ATP during chemiosmosis?

Answer 27

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 28

While oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation occur throughout cellular respiration, the only stage in which ATP is generate by oxidative phosphorylation is ___.

Answer 28

chemiosmosis

Question 29

There is not a consistent number of ATP generated in this stage

Answer 29

chemiosmosis

Question 30

___ organisms use fermentation reactions exclusively to generate ATP

Answer 30

anaerobic

Question 31

What is the starting point for most fermentation reactions?

Answer 31

glycosis

Question 32

Observed in yeasts used to brew alcohols; pyruvate loses a carbon and is reduced into ethanol.

Answer 32

ethanol fermentation

Question 33

Many organisms, including ourselves, oxidize NADH by reducing pyruvate into lactic acid.

Answer 33

lactic acid fermentation

Question 34

May be used to digest a number of macromolecules, not carbohydrates only

Answer 34

cellular respiration

Question 35

What are the steps in the oxidation of proteins?

Answer 35

step one: enzymes in the cytosol remove nitrogen groups from amino acids step two: remaining carbon molecules is oxidized in the Krebs Cycle

Question 36

___ breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and reducing NAD+ to NADH.

Answer 36

glycosis

Question 37

In ___ fermentation, pyruvate loses a carboxyl group, becoming acetaldehyde, which is then reduced to ethanol.

Answer 37

alcohol

Question 38

What is the function of lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 38

to convert pyruvate to lactic acid and regenerate NAD+ in the process, allowing glycosis to continue to make ATP in low oxygen conditions

Question 39

In which type of reaction are electrons added to a substrate?

Answer 39

reduction

Question 40

Which phase of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

Answer 40

glycosis

Question 41

Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?

Answer 41

mitochondrion

Question 42

In which type of phosphorylation event is a phosphate transferred from one substrate to another?

Answer 42

substrate-level

Question 43

How many pyruvate are produced during glycosis?

Answer 43

2

Question 44

Which stage of cellular respiration are the most electron carriers produced?

Answer 44

Krebs Cycle

Question 45

Which stage of cellular respiration produces a proton motive force?

Answer 45

ETC

Question 46

Plants do not perform cellular respiration. True or false?

Answer 46

false