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CPH LAB > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three data presentation methods

A

Narrative or textual
Tabular
Figure/Graphical

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2
Q

Data presentation method: data is simply narrated, story fashion

A

Narrative

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3
Q

Data presentation method:A systematic arrangement fo data presented in columns and rows for the purpose of comparison

A

Tabular

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4
Q

Data presentation method:Pictorial representation of data

A

Figure/Graphical

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5
Q

Data presentation method:Data is presented in the form of a sentence/Paragraph

A

Textual Presentation

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6
Q

T/F: Tabular presentation is the most basic way of presenting data

A

False, textual presentation

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7
Q

Data presentation method: Example - There were 62 reported cases of syphilis for the whole country in 1990. Of these cases, 4 were under 1 year of age. There were 5 cases between 1 and 5 years of age while the number of cases for the age group 10-19 was 10.

A

Textual Presentation

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8
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table (3)

A

Simplicity
Clarity
Continuity

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9
Q

T/F: Clarity conveys only essential facts

A

False, Simplicity

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10
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table: It omits distracting detials

A

Simplicity

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11
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table: it augments rather than duplicate the text

A

Simplicity

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12
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table: it is easy to read - its elements (type, lines, labels, symbols, etc.) are large enough to be read with ease in printed form

A

Clarity

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13
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table: easy to understand - its purpose is readily apparent

A

Clarity

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14
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table: consistent with and is prepared in the same style as similar figures and tables in the same article

A

Continuity

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15
Q

Characteristics of a good figure/table: carefully planned and prepared

A

Continuity

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16
Q

it allows the amounts of raw data to be sorted and reorganized in a neat format

A

tabular presentation

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17
Q

in a tabular presentation, results placed in an organized display of rows and columns that enables ________ by different classifications for comparison and better understanding

A

grouping of data

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18
Q

T/F: tabular presentation allows the inclusion of only the most important or relevant data

A

TRUE

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19
Q

T/F: if you can describe the data efficiently in one or two sentences, it is recommended to create a table

A

False, never put data in table if you can describe in one or two sentences

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20
Q

3 uses of data in tabular form

A

Summarizing and presenting data
Data Checking and editing
Basis, aid in graph or chart construction

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21
Q

T/F: Data in tabular form is hard to understand

A

FALSE

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22
Q

T/F: data in tabular form is more complexed than textual form

A

False, it is much more compact and concise

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23
Q

Table numbers use ____ numerals in the order in which the rables are first mentioned in the text

A

arabic

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24
Q

T/F: table numbers do not use suffix letters

A

TRUE

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25
Q

in table numbering, ___ or ___ numbering is unacceptable (i.e. no 5a or 5.1)

A

partial or fractional

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26
Q

a table tile must be ___ but clear and explanatory

A

table title

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27
Q

T/F: table title should adequately explain the content of a table without referring the reader to the text

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Table titles are ___ spaced

A

Single spaced

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29
Q

singular and covers several columns each with its own column head

A

column spanner

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30
Q

it is located in the body of the table in order to divide the data in a table without changing the columns

A

table spanner

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31
Q

it covers the entire width of the body of the table

A

table spanner

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32
Q

used to combine two tables into one provided they have similar column heads and they may be plural

A

table spanner

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33
Q

stacked headings (column heads and spanner)

A

decked heads

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34
Q

used to avoid repetition of words in column headings

A

Decked heads

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35
Q

Cell is the intersection between a row and column

A

Table body

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36
Q

T/F: Decimal values can be found in table bodies

A

TRUE

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37
Q

T/F: it is required to use a zero before the decimal point in a table body

A

TRUE

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38
Q

T/F: in table body’s decimal values, do not use zero if the number can not be greater than 1

A

TRUE

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39
Q

T/F: in a table body’s decimal values, use different units of measurement and number of decimal places within a column

A

False, use same units

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40
Q

T/F: do not include columns of data that can be calculated easily from other columns

A

TRUE

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41
Q

T/F: table bodies are single-spaced (rows)

A

False, double spaced

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42
Q

3 types of notes

A

general
specific
Probability

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43
Q

type os note: qualifies, explains, or provides info relating to the table as a whole and gives explanation of abbreviations, symbols as well as the source

A

General note

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44
Q

type of note: refers to particular column or row or individual entry

A

specific note

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45
Q

type of note: indicated by superscript lowercase letters

A

Specific note

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46
Q

type of note: indicates the results of tests of significance

A

probability note

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47
Q

what is the order of notes

A

general , specific, probability

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48
Q

spacing of notes

A

single spaced

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49
Q

t/f: tables supplement the text

A

TRUE

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50
Q

t/f: it is optional to cite every table in the text

A

FALSE

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51
Q

t/f: tables and text discusses only highlights

A

TRUE

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52
Q

place tables close to where they are first mentioned in you text, do not ___ a table across pages

A

split

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53
Q

tables must have a ____ particular style (same format, terminology, etc.)

A

standardized

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54
Q

t/f: combine tables that repeat data

A

TRUE

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55
Q

identical columns should not appear in ___ or ____ tables

A

2 or more

56
Q

what is the ruling in table construction

A

3 horizontal lines (APA feature)
no vertical lines (allowed in exceptional cases)

57
Q

types of table

A

Word/textual table
Numerical table

58
Q

types of numerical table

A

relative frequency distribution table
one way
two way
multi way
statistical table
master table
dummy table

59
Q

these are tables with textual data

A

word/textual table

60
Q

these are tables that serve the same purpose as any table - comparison

A

word/textual table

61
Q

ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations (proportion or %)

A

relative frequency

62
Q

a table which presents proportion data and has categorical variables

A

relative frequency table

63
Q

a relative frequency table that Presents data with respect categories of one variable only

A

One-way

64
Q

a relative frequency table that presents data with respect to cross-classification of two categorical
variables

A

two way

65
Q

a relative frequency table that present data with respect to more than two categorical variables

A

multiway

66
Q

Statistical tables are tables that can present data of a ____ and ____ or both

A

descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

67
Q

tables that facilitate tabulation in the absence of a computer

A

master table

68
Q

table that shows the distribution of observations across several variables of interest in a given study

A

master table

69
Q

each observation is cross classified across the variables

A

master table

70
Q

skeleton tables

A

dummy tables

71
Q

preview of tables to be presented

A

dummy tables

72
Q

t/f: master table help research clarify instrument

A

false, dummy tables

73
Q

t/f: relative frequency table help protocol reviewer

A

false, dummy tables

74
Q

t/f: dummy tables guides data analysts/programmers

A

TRUE

75
Q

2 usual errors in table construction

A
  1. Comparison based on absolute numbers
  2. Use of wrong denominators in computing for percentages
76
Q

visual representation of relationship between, but not restricted to, two variables

A

graphical presentation

77
Q

a graph consist of two axes called the ___ (____) and ____ (____ and each corresponds to one variable

A

x-axis (horizontal)
y-axis (vertical)

78
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes simpler to read

A

TRUE

79
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes more attractive and appealing

A

TRUE

80
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes strengthen emphasis on certain aspects of the data

A

TRUE

81
Q

t/f: disadvantage of a graph includes with a wide point of view of the data

A

false, it is an advantage

82
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes effective tool in delivering general messages

A

false, specific messages

83
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes shows only trends and patterns on small data set

A

FALSE

84
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes comparison could also be made more striking

A

FALSE

85
Q

t/f: advantage of a graph includes can shwo as many sets of facts as may be shown in a table

A

false, cannot show

86
Q

t/f: disadvantage of a graph includes can only show approximate values

A

TRUE

87
Q

t/f: disadvantage of a graph includes requiers more time to construct

A

TRUE

88
Q

t/f: dadvantage of a graph includes may be used to misinterpret results

A

TRUE

89
Q

in graph construction, title or caption must be ___ and ___

A

clear and concise

90
Q

in graph construction,use ___ graphs (usually the most effective)

A

simple

91
Q

in graph construction, graph should be ____

A

self-explanatory

92
Q

in graph construction, use ____ appropriately

A

legends

93
Q

in graph construction, becareful when plotting your ___ to avoid misleadeing hte resears and properly ___ them

A

scales, label

94
Q

in graph construction, use a ____ to avoid placing the graph hgih up on the grid

A

scale break

95
Q

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph then data are very ____

A

dispersed

96
Q

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph when there is ____ data (categories)

A

too few

97
Q

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph when there is ____ data)

A

numerous

98
Q

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph when data show little to no ____

A

variation

99
Q

types of graphs

A

pie graph
bar graph
line graph
frequency polygon
scatter plot
pictograph

100
Q

4 types of bar graphs

A

vertical
horizontal
component
histogram

101
Q

Shows breakdown of a group or total where the no. of categories is not too many

A

pie chart

102
Q

in a pie graph Use the ___ for each category, thus the total always equal to ____

A

%, 100%

103
Q

in a pie graph, Apply different ____ to each pie slice to differentiate the different groups

A

shades

104
Q

T/F: the use of 3D is now advisable

A

false, not advisable

105
Q

Readily compares the percentages in each category by comparing the heights of the bars

A

bar graph

106
Q

bar graph: Use percentages or rates when the total no. of observations for the groups are not ____

A

uniform

107
Q

T/F: When % are used, the sum of the heights of all bars must equal to 100%

A

TRUE

108
Q

two categories that qualitative variables must be arranged by

A

Magnitude of corresponding figures
- Natural ordering

109
Q

T/F: A bar graph addresses the fact that pie charts can be hard to read precisely

A

TRUE

110
Q

T/F: A bar graph cannot compare quantities that are not part of a whole

A

False, A bar graph can also compare quantities that are not part of a whole

111
Q

bar graph usually used for discrete quantitative variables

A

vertical bar graph

112
Q

bar graph Usually used for qualitative variables

A

horizontal bar graph

113
Q

A bar divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts

A

component bar graph

114
Q

t/f: component bar graph is not similar to pie chart

A

false, it is similar

115
Q

Area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole

A

component bar graph

116
Q

Preferable over the pie chart in situations where the compositions of two or more groups are to be compared

A

component bar graph

117
Q

Different shades or colors can be applied to the components to emphasize differences between parts of the whole

A

Component bar graph

118
Q

Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable

A

histogram

119
Q

important characteristic of histogram

A

no space between bars

120
Q

vertical scale of histogram may show the ___ or ___ frequencies

A

absolute or relative

121
Q

Plot of dots ( representing values of the variable) joined with lines over some period of time in sequential series

A

Line graph

122
Q

Time series is shown along the horizontal axis while the variable values are shown along the vertical axis

A

line graph

123
Q

Portray trends, i.e., changes in the variable with time

A

line graph

124
Q

Similar to the histogram except that Frequencies are plotted against the
corresponding midpoints of the classes

A

frequency polygon

125
Q

T/F: freq. polygon are similar to histogram except it canot depict more than 1 distribution

A

false, it can depict more than 1

126
Q

a closed figure that is similar to histogram

A

frequency polygon

127
Q

Show relationship between two quantitative variables

A

scatterplot

128
Q

Gives rough estimate of the degree of correlation between the variables

A

scatterplot

129
Q

Needed data to construct
-actual values of each variables of all the subjects

A

scatterplot

130
Q

is a graph summarising a set of data. The shape of the ___ shows how the data is distributed and it also shows any outliers.

A

box and whisker plot/diagram or boxplot

131
Q

T/f: box plots can be drawn more than once per graph

A

TRUE

132
Q

T/F: boxplots cannot be displayed alongisde a number line, horizontally or vertically

A

FALSE, it can be

133
Q

one inappropriate construction of graph: ___ grid lines

A

thick grid lines

134
Q

one inappropriate construction of scatterplots: ____ space

A

big space

135
Q

one inappropriate construction of graphs: ____ variation

A

little or no

136
Q

one inappropriate construction of graphs: ____ and ___ data

A

dispersed data and very few data

CPH LAB (2 decks)

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