Unit 5 Flashcards by SHYRA FELICIANO

What are the three data presentation methods

Narrative or textual
Tabular
Figure/Graphical

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Data presentation method: data is simply narrated, story fashion

Narrative

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Data presentation method:A systematic arrangement fo data presented in columns and rows for the purpose of comparison

Tabular

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Data presentation method:Pictorial representation of data

Figure/Graphical

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Data presentation method:Data is presented in the form of a sentence/Paragraph

Textual Presentation

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T/F: Tabular presentation is the most basic way of presenting data

False, textual presentation

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Data presentation method: Example - There were 62 reported cases of syphilis for the whole country in 1990. Of these cases, 4 were under 1 year of age. There were 5 cases between 1 and 5 years of age while the number of cases for the age group 10-19 was 10.

Textual Presentation

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Characteristics of a good figure/table (3)

Simplicity
Clarity
Continuity

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T/F: Clarity conveys only essential facts

False, Simplicity

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Characteristics of a good figure/table: It omits distracting detials

Simplicity

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Characteristics of a good figure/table: it augments rather than duplicate the text

Simplicity

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Characteristics of a good figure/table: it is easy to read - its elements (type, lines, labels, symbols, etc.) are large enough to be read with ease in printed form

Clarity

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Characteristics of a good figure/table: easy to understand - its purpose is readily apparent

Clarity

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Characteristics of a good figure/table: consistent with and is prepared in the same style as similar figures and tables in the same article

Continuity

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Characteristics of a good figure/table: carefully planned and prepared

Continuity

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it allows the amounts of raw data to be sorted and reorganized in a neat format

tabular presentation

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in a tabular presentation, results placed in an organized display of rows and columns that enables ________ by different classifications for comparison and better understanding

grouping of data

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T/F: tabular presentation allows the inclusion of only the most important or relevant data

TRUE

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T/F: if you can describe the data efficiently in one or two sentences, it is recommended to create a table

False, never put data in table if you can describe in one or two sentences

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3 uses of data in tabular form

Summarizing and presenting data
Data Checking and editing
Basis, aid in graph or chart construction

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T/F: Data in tabular form is hard to understand

FALSE

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T/F: data in tabular form is more complexed than textual form

False, it is much more compact and concise

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Table numbers use ____ numerals in the order in which the rables are first mentioned in the text

arabic

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T/F: table numbers do not use suffix letters

TRUE

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in table numbering, ___ or ___ numbering is unacceptable (i.e. no 5a or 5.1)

partial or fractional

a table tile must be ___ but clear and explanatory

table title

T/F: table title should adequately explain the content of a table without referring the reader to the text

TRUE

Table titles are ___ spaced

Single spaced

singular and covers several columns each with its own column head

column spanner

it is located in the body of the table in order to divide the data in a table without changing the columns

table spanner

it covers the entire width of the body of the table

table spanner

used to combine two tables into one provided they have similar column heads and they may be plural

table spanner

stacked headings (column heads and spanner)

decked heads

used to avoid repetition of words in column headings

Decked heads

Cell is the intersection between a row and column

Table body

T/F: Decimal values can be found in table bodies

TRUE

T/F: it is required to use a zero before the decimal point in a table body

TRUE

T/F: in table body's decimal values, do not use zero if the number can not be greater than 1

TRUE

T/F: in a table body's decimal values, use different units of measurement and number of decimal places within a column

False, use same units

T/F: do not include columns of data that can be calculated easily from other columns

TRUE

T/F: table bodies are single-spaced (rows)

False, double spaced

3 types of notes

general specific Probability

type os note: qualifies, explains, or provides info relating to the table as a whole and gives explanation of abbreviations, symbols as well as the source

General note

type of note: refers to particular column or row or individual entry

specific note

type of note: indicated by superscript lowercase letters

Specific note

type of note: indicates the results of tests of significance

probability note

what is the order of notes

general , specific, probability

spacing of notes

single spaced

t/f: tables supplement the text

TRUE

t/f: it is optional to cite every table in the text

FALSE

t/f: tables and text discusses only highlights

TRUE

place tables close to where they are first mentioned in you text, do not ___ a table across pages

split

tables must have a ____ particular style (same format, terminology, etc.)

standardized

t/f: combine tables that repeat data

TRUE

identical columns should not appear in ___ or ____ tables

2 or more

what is the ruling in table construction

3 horizontal lines (APA feature) no vertical lines (allowed in exceptional cases)

types of table

Word/textual table Numerical table

types of numerical table

relative frequency distribution table one way two way multi way statistical table master table dummy table

these are tables with textual data

word/textual table

these are tables that serve the same purpose as any table - comparison

word/textual table

ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations (proportion or %)

relative frequency

a table which presents proportion data and has categorical variables

relative frequency table

a relative frequency table that Presents data with respect categories of one variable only

One-way

a relative frequency table that presents data with respect to cross-classification of two categorical variables

two way

a relative frequency table that present data with respect to more than two categorical variables

multiway

Statistical tables are tables that can present data of a ____ and ____ or both

descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

tables that facilitate tabulation in the absence of a computer

master table

table that shows the distribution of observations across several variables of interest in a given study

master table

each observation is cross classified across the variables

master table

skeleton tables

dummy tables

preview of tables to be presented

dummy tables

t/f: master table help research clarify instrument

false, dummy tables

t/f: relative frequency table help protocol reviewer

false, dummy tables

t/f: dummy tables guides data analysts/programmers

TRUE

2 usual errors in table construction

1. Comparison based on absolute numbers 2. Use of wrong denominators in computing for percentages

visual representation of relationship between, but not restricted to, two variables

graphical presentation

a graph consist of two axes called the ___ (____) and ____ (____ and each corresponds to one variable

x-axis (horizontal) y-axis (vertical)

t/f: advantage of a graph includes simpler to read

TRUE

t/f: advantage of a graph includes more attractive and appealing

TRUE

t/f: advantage of a graph includes strengthen emphasis on certain aspects of the data

TRUE

t/f: disadvantage of a graph includes with a wide point of view of the data

false, it is an advantage

t/f: advantage of a graph includes effective tool in delivering general messages

false, specific messages

t/f: advantage of a graph includes shows only trends and patterns on small data set

FALSE

t/f: advantage of a graph includes comparison could also be made more striking

FALSE

t/f: advantage of a graph includes can shwo as many sets of facts as may be shown in a table

false, cannot show

t/f: disadvantage of a graph includes can only show approximate values

TRUE

t/f: disadvantage of a graph includes requiers more time to construct

TRUE

t/f: dadvantage of a graph includes may be used to misinterpret results

TRUE

in graph construction, title or caption must be ___ and ___

clear and concise

in graph construction,use ___ graphs (usually the most effective)

simple

in graph construction, graph should be ____

self-explanatory

in graph construction, use ____ appropriately

legends

in graph construction, becareful when plotting your ___ to avoid misleadeing hte resears and properly ___ them

scales, label

in graph construction, use a ____ to avoid placing the graph hgih up on the grid

scale break

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph then data are very ____

dispersed

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph when there is ____ data (categories)

too few

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph when there is ____ data)

numerous

in graph construction, it is not appropriate to use graph when data show little to no ____

variation

types of graphs

pie graph bar graph line graph frequency polygon scatter plot pictograph

4 types of bar graphs

vertical horizontal component histogram

Shows breakdown of a group or total where the no. of categories is not too many

pie chart

in a pie graph Use the ___ for each category, thus the total always equal to ____

%, 100%

in a pie graph, Apply different ____ to each pie slice to differentiate the different groups

shades

T/F: the use of 3D is now advisable

false, not advisable

Readily compares the percentages in each category by comparing the heights of the bars

bar graph

bar graph: Use percentages or rates when the total no. of observations for the groups are not ____

uniform

T/F: When % are used, the sum of the heights of all bars must equal to 100%

TRUE

two categories that qualitative variables must be arranged by

Magnitude of corresponding figures - Natural ordering

T/F: A bar graph addresses the fact that pie charts can be hard to read precisely

TRUE

T/F: A bar graph cannot compare quantities that are not part of a whole

False, A bar graph can also compare quantities that are not part of a whole

bar graph usually used for discrete quantitative variables

vertical bar graph

bar graph Usually used for qualitative variables

horizontal bar graph

A bar divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts

component bar graph

t/f: component bar graph is not similar to pie chart

false, it is similar

Area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole

component bar graph

Preferable over the pie chart in situations where the compositions of two or more groups are to be compared

component bar graph

Different shades or colors can be applied to the components to emphasize differences between parts of the whole

Component bar graph

Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable

histogram

important characteristic of histogram

no space between bars

vertical scale of histogram may show the ___ or ___ frequencies

absolute or relative

Plot of dots ( representing values of the variable) joined with lines over some period of time in sequential series

Line graph

Time series is shown along the horizontal axis while the variable values are shown along the vertical axis

line graph

Portray trends, i.e., changes in the variable with time

line graph

Similar to the histogram except that Frequencies are plotted against the corresponding midpoints of the classes

frequency polygon

T/F: freq. polygon are similar to histogram except it canot depict more than 1 distribution

false, it can depict more than 1

a closed figure that is similar to histogram

frequency polygon

Show relationship between two quantitative variables

scatterplot

Gives rough estimate of the degree of correlation between the variables

scatterplot

Needed data to construct -actual values of each variables of all the subjects

scatterplot

is a graph summarising a set of data. The shape of the ___ shows how the data is distributed and it also shows any outliers.

box and whisker plot/diagram or boxplot

T/f: box plots can be drawn more than once per graph

TRUE

T/F: boxplots cannot be displayed alongisde a number line, horizontally or vertically

FALSE, it can be

one inappropriate construction of graph: ___ grid lines

thick grid lines

one inappropriate construction of scatterplots: ____ space

big space

one inappropriate construction of graphs: ____ variation

little or no

one inappropriate construction of graphs: ____ and ___ data

dispersed data and very few data