Unit 5 Flashcards
Food security
Food security: physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Undernourishment
Undernourishment: dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying our light physical activity.
Arithmetic Density
Arithmetic density: the total number of people divided by total land area
Physiological Density
Physiological density: the total number of people per unit area of arable land
Agricultural Density
Agricultural density: the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity: all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.
Crop
Crop: any plant cultivated by people
Agriculture
Agriculture: the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
Agricultural Revolution First
Agricultural revolution (first): the process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
Hunting and Gathering
Hunting and Gathering: the first way humans obtained food through.
Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange: the transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the western hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade.
Subsistence Agriculture
Subsistence agriculture: (found in developing countries) is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
Commercial Agriculture
Commercial agriculture: (found in developed countries) the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.
Cash Crop
Cash crop: one that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.
Agribuisness
Agribusiness: the set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.
Economy of Scale
Economy of Scale: cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient
Vegetative Planting
Vegetative Planting: reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
Seed Agriculture
Seed agriculture: reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization.
Long Lots
Long Lots: long, narrow land divisions for farming, usually lined up along a waterway
Metes and Bounds
Metes and Bounds: the boundaries of a parcel of real estate that are identified by its natural landmarks. Often used as the “legal description” of the land
Township and Range
Township and Range: Townships are rectangular blocks of land about 6 miles square. The squares are gridded and numbered according to their position north or south of the baseline.
Intensive Subsistence agriculture
Intensive subsistence agriculture: a form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a parcel of land.
Intertillage
Intertillage: Tillage between rows of crops
Double Cropping
Double cropping: Harvesting twice a year from the same field
Crop rotation
Crop rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
Wet Rice
Wet rice: Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Sawah (Paddy)
Sawah (Paddy): an irrigated, or flooded, field used to grow rice.
Threshed
Threshed: to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.
Winnowed
Winnowed: To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
Chaff
Chaff: the husks of grains and grasses that are separated during threshing
Shifting Cultivation
Shifting cultivation: a system of cultivation in which a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time, then abandoned and allowed to revert to producing its normal vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.
Slash and Burn
Slash and burn: burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes
Swidden
Swidden: A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
Fallow
Fallow: cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons
Frequent Relocation
Frequent relocation:Type of movement that refers to a frequent change of farm land.
Deforestation
Deforestation:the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means
Pastoral Nomadism
Pastoral nomadism: form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.
Extensive Subsistence farming
Extensive subsistence farming: System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed.
Transhumance
Transhumance: the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures
Plantation Agriculture
Plantation agriculture: the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land.
Plantations
Plantations: A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.
Fishing
Fishing: the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture (aquafarming): the name given to all farming and rearing of fish and marine plants that does not fall under the category of fishing.
Overfishing
Overfishing: capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
Monocropping/Single Crop Economies
Monocropping/Single crop economies: the practice of growing the same single crop year after year.
Mediterranean Agriculture
Mediterranean agriculture: Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia).
Horticulture
Horticulture: The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Commercial (Market) Gardening
Commercial (market) gardening / fruit farming: The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers
Truck Farming
Truck farming: : the production of crops of some vegetables on an extensive scale in regions especially suited to their culture primarily for shipment to distant markets
Livestock Ranching
Livestock ranching:the act of running a ranch, which is essentially an extensive farm for the sole purpose of raising livestock and crops
Feedlots
Feedlots: Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing
Ranching
Ranching: a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area
Dairy Farm
Dairy farm:An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.
Milkshed
Milkshed: an area surrounding the milk source (dairy farm) where milk is supplied without spoiling
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Mixed crop and livestock farming: a small-scale diversified farm that raises a variety of crops and animals
Von thunen Model
Von thunen model: a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market.
Bid Rent Curve/Theory
Bid-Rent Curve/Theory: geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases
Desertification
Desertification: degradation of land especially in semi arid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. (semi arid land degradation)
Urbanization
Urbanization: the process of making an area more urban by destroying the nature which currently occupies the area.
Second Agricultural revolution
Second Agricultural revolution: an increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century.
Green Revolution
Green revolution: rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers.
Fertilizers
Fertilizers: composed of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus to enrich the soil nutrients in order to extract higher yields.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically Modified Crops: altered to create a resistance to certain pest, disease, or environmental conditions to reduce spoilage or resistance to chemical treatments or to improve the nutrient makeup of a crop.
Locavore
Locavore (local food movements): a person who is committed to eating food that has been grown in the region where they live
Commodity Chain
Commodity Chain: a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.
Fair Trade
Fair trade: A way of buying and selling products that makes certain that the people who produce the goods receive a fair price
Ugly Food Movement
Ugly Food movement (food waste issues): The protests and movement that brings attention to food that is wasted for appearance only, and they should be sold.
Organic Farming
Organic farming/agriculture: farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.
Herbicides
Herbicides: a chemical to control unwanted plants.
Pesticides
Pesticides: a substance to control pests, including weeds.
Sustainable Land Management
Sustainable land management: concerned with reducing the loss of high-quality topsoil from wind and water erosion and preserving the moisture content of soil.
Conservation Tillage
Conservation tillage: a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
No Tillage
No tillage: a farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields.
Ridge Tillage
Ridge tillage: a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.