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AP HUG 1/3/5/7 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Food security

A

Food security: physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

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2
Q

Undernourishment

A

Undernourishment: dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying our light physical activity.

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3
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

Arithmetic density: the total number of people divided by total land area

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4
Q

Physiological Density

A

Physiological density: the total number of people per unit area of arable land

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5
Q

Agricultural Density

A

Agricultural density: the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

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6
Q

Biodiversity

A

Biodiversity: all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.

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7
Q

Crop

A

Crop: any plant cultivated by people

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8
Q

Agriculture

A

Agriculture: the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

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9
Q

Agricultural Revolution First

A

Agricultural revolution (first): the process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

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10
Q

Hunting and Gathering

A

Hunting and Gathering: the first way humans obtained food through.

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11
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Columbian Exchange: the transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the western hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade.

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12
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

Subsistence agriculture: (found in developing countries) is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.

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13
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

Commercial agriculture: (found in developed countries) the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.

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14
Q

Cash Crop

A

Cash crop: one that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.

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15
Q

Agribuisness

A

Agribusiness: the set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.

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16
Q

Economy of Scale

A

Economy of Scale: cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient

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17
Q

Vegetative Planting

A

Vegetative Planting: reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

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18
Q

Seed Agriculture

A

Seed agriculture: reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization.

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19
Q

Long Lots

A

Long Lots: long, narrow land divisions for farming, usually lined up along a waterway

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20
Q

Metes and Bounds

A

Metes and Bounds: the boundaries of a parcel of real estate that are identified by its natural landmarks. Often used as the “legal description” of the land

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21
Q

Township and Range

A

Township and Range: Townships are rectangular blocks of land about 6 miles square. The squares are gridded and numbered according to their position north or south of the baseline.

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22
Q

Intensive Subsistence agriculture

A

Intensive subsistence agriculture: a form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a parcel of land.

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23
Q

Intertillage

A

Intertillage: Tillage between rows of crops

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24
Q

Double Cropping

A

Double cropping: Harvesting twice a year from the same field

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25
Q

Crop rotation

A

Crop rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

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26
Q

Wet Rice

A

Wet rice: Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

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27
Q

Sawah (Paddy)

A

Sawah (Paddy): an irrigated, or flooded, field used to grow rice.

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28
Q

Threshed

A

Threshed: to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.

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29
Q

Winnowed

A

Winnowed: To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

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30
Q

Chaff

A

Chaff: the husks of grains and grasses that are separated during threshing

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31
Q

Shifting Cultivation

A

Shifting cultivation: a system of cultivation in which a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time, then abandoned and allowed to revert to producing its normal vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

32
Q

Slash and Burn

A

Slash and burn: burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes

33
Q

Swidden

A

Swidden: A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

34
Q

Fallow

A

Fallow: cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons

35
Q

Frequent Relocation

A

Frequent relocation:Type of movement that refers to a frequent change of farm land.

36
Q

Deforestation

A

Deforestation:the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means

37
Q

Pastoral Nomadism

A

Pastoral nomadism: form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.

38
Q

Extensive Subsistence farming

A

Extensive subsistence farming: System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed.

39
Q

Transhumance

A

Transhumance: the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures

40
Q

Plantation Agriculture

A

Plantation agriculture: the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land.

41
Q

Plantations

A

Plantations: A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.

42
Q

Fishing

A

Fishing: the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water.

43
Q

Aquaculture

A

Aquaculture (aquafarming): the name given to all farming and rearing of fish and marine plants that does not fall under the category of fishing.

44
Q

Overfishing

A

Overfishing: capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

45
Q

Monocropping/Single Crop Economies

A

Monocropping/Single crop economies: the practice of growing the same single crop year after year.

46
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

Mediterranean agriculture: Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia).

47
Q

Horticulture

A

Horticulture: The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

48
Q

Commercial (Market) Gardening

A

Commercial (market) gardening / fruit farming: The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers

49
Q

Truck Farming

A

Truck farming: : the production of crops of some vegetables on an extensive scale in regions especially suited to their culture primarily for shipment to distant markets

50
Q

Livestock Ranching

A

Livestock ranching:the act of running a ranch, which is essentially an extensive farm for the sole purpose of raising livestock and crops

51
Q

Feedlots

A

Feedlots: Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing

52
Q

Ranching

A

Ranching: a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area

53
Q

Dairy Farm

A

Dairy farm:An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.

54
Q

Milkshed

A

Milkshed: an area surrounding the milk source (dairy farm) where milk is supplied without spoiling

55
Q

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

A

Mixed crop and livestock farming: a small-scale diversified farm that raises a variety of crops and animals

56
Q

Von thunen Model

A

Von thunen model: a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market.

57
Q

Bid Rent Curve/Theory

A

Bid-Rent Curve/Theory: geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases

58
Q

Desertification

A

Desertification: degradation of land especially in semi arid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. (semi arid land degradation)

59
Q

Urbanization

A

Urbanization: the process of making an area more urban by destroying the nature which currently occupies the area.

60
Q

Second Agricultural revolution

A

Second Agricultural revolution: an increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century.

61
Q

Green Revolution

A

Green revolution: rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers.

62
Q

Fertilizers

A

Fertilizers: composed of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus to enrich the soil nutrients in order to extract higher yields.

63
Q

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

A

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

64
Q

Genetically Modified Crops

A

Genetically Modified Crops: altered to create a resistance to certain pest, disease, or environmental conditions to reduce spoilage or resistance to chemical treatments or to improve the nutrient makeup of a crop.

65
Q

Locavore

A

Locavore (local food movements): a person who is committed to eating food that has been grown in the region where they live

66
Q

Commodity Chain

A

Commodity Chain: a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.

67
Q

Fair Trade

A

Fair trade: A way of buying and selling products that makes certain that the people who produce the goods receive a fair price

68
Q

Ugly Food Movement

A

Ugly Food movement (food waste issues): The protests and movement that brings attention to food that is wasted for appearance only, and they should be sold.

69
Q

Organic Farming

A

Organic farming/agriculture: farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.

70
Q

Herbicides

A

Herbicides: a chemical to control unwanted plants.

71
Q

Pesticides

A

Pesticides: a substance to control pests, including weeds.

72
Q

Sustainable Land Management

A

Sustainable land management: concerned with reducing the loss of high-quality topsoil from wind and water erosion and preserving the moisture content of soil.

73
Q

Conservation Tillage

A

Conservation tillage: a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.

74
Q

No Tillage

A

No tillage: a farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields.

75
Q

Ridge Tillage

A

Ridge tillage: a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

AP HUG 1/3/5/7 (4 decks)

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