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AP HUG 1/3/5/7 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

habit

A

Habit: A repetitive act that a particular individual performs.

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2
Q

Custom

A

Custom: A repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group.

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3
Q

Culture

A

Culture: A particular group’s material characteristics, behavioral patterns, beliefs, social norms, and attitudes that are shared and transmitted

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4
Q

Culture Trait

A

Culture Trait: The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture.
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5
Q

Material Aspects of Culture

A

Material Aspects of Culture: Anything that can physically be seen on the landscape connecting to culture.

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6
Q

Non material aspects of culture

A

Non-Material Aspects of Culture: Anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched.

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7
Q

Artifacts

A

Artifacts: An object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or another relic from an earlier period

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8
Q

Mentifacts

A

Mentifacts: Represents the ideas and beliefs of a culture.

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9
Q

Sociofacts

A

Sociofacts: The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unit a culture, including family structure and political, educational, and religious institutions

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10
Q

Cultural Landscape/Built Environment

A

Cultural Landscape/Built Environment: The part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape. The tangible human creation on the landscape.

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11
Q

Sequent Occupance

A

Sequent Occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

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12
Q

Folk Culture (Homogenous)

A

Folk Culture: (Homogeneous): Culture traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas.

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13
Q

Popular Culture (heterogeneous)

A

Popular Culture: (Heterogeneous): Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other characteristics.

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14
Q

Globalization

A

Globalization: Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

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15
Q

Glocalization

A

Glocalization: The process in which human culture, such as businesses or language, or recipes, spreads internationally while also reinforcing certain local cultures.

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16
Q

Placelessness

A

Placelessness: the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the rest

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17
Q

Postmodern Archietcture

A

Postmodern Architecture: Tries to design buildings that are visually pleasing to human beings and provide modern humans with a link to their past.

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18
Q

Traditional Architecture

A

Traditional Architecture: Traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places.

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19
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

Relocation Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend through the bodily movement of people from one place to another

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20
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

Expansion Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.

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21
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

Hierarchical Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or a node of authority or power to other persons or places.

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22
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

Stimulus Diffusion: The spread of an underlying principle or belief

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23
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

Contagious diffusion: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

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24
Q

Folk Religionists

A

Folk Religionists: faiths that are closely associated with a particular group of people, ethnicity, or tribe.

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25
Q

Gendered Space

A

Gendered Space: Areas in which particular genders of people, and particular types of gender expression, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate.

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26
Q

Taboo

A

Taboo: A restriction on behavior imposed by religious law or social custom.

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27
Q

Cultural Convergence

A

Cultural Convergence: The tendency for cultures to become more alike/mend as they increasingly share ideas and resources in a modern world (created through improved international sharing of things and popular culture).

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28
Q

Cultural Homogenization

A

Cultural Homogenization: The spread of a popular culture product across larger spaces results in a loss of localized folk culture diversity, and convergence of cultural preferences.

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29
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Cultural Relativism: The principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.

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30
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Ethnocentrism: The feeling that one’s ethnic group is superior.

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31
Q

Assimiliation

A

Assimilation: the process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group.

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32
Q

Multiculutralism

A

Multiculturalism: The belief that different cultural or ethnic groups have a right to remain distinct rather than assimilating to “mainstream” norms.

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33
Q

Acculturation

A

Acculturation: The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features. Adapting an element of someone else’s culture into your own.

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34
Q

Language

A

Language: a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

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35
Q

Centripetal Force

A

Centripetal force: a force that tends to unify people

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36
Q

Centrifugal Force

A

Centrifugal force: a force that tends to pull people apart

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37
Q

Institutional Language

A

Institutional Language: language used in education, work, mass media, and government

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38
Q

Developing Language

A

Developing language: language in daily use by people of all ages from children to developing individuals

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39
Q

Vigorous Language

A

Vigorous language: language in daily use by all people of all ages, but lacks a literary tradition

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40
Q

Threatened Language

A

Threatened language: a language that typically does not have a literary element, and the numbers of speakers are declining because another language is spoken by a predominantly younger population

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41
Q

Dying Language

A

Dying language: language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

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42
Q

Literary Tradition

A

Literary Tradition: a language that is written as well as spoken

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43
Q

Language Family

A

Language family: a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history

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44
Q

Language Branch

A

Language branch: a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago; differences are not as extensive or old as between language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family

45
Q

Language Group

A

Language group: a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary

46
Q

Indo-European

A

Indo- European: of or relating to a group of languages that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe, in the parts of the world colonized by Europeans, and in parts of Asia. (most widely used language family).

47
Q

Vulgar Latin

A

Vulgar Latin: the Latin that people in the provinces learned was not the standard literary form but a spoken form

48
Q

Toponyms

A

Toponyms: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature (a name given to a place on Earth)

49
Q

Lingua Franca

A

Lingua franca: a language of international communication

50
Q

Logograms

A

Logograms: symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words

51
Q

Offical Languages

A

Official language: language used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business

52
Q

Working Languages

A

Working language: language designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation

53
Q

Informal Languages

A

Informal Language: New languages created by mixing English with other languages.

54
Q

Franglais

A

Franglais: the mix of French and English

55
Q

Spanglish

A

Spanglish: The mix of Spanish and English

56
Q

Denglish

A

Denglish: The mix of German and English

57
Q

Pidgin Language

A

Pidgin language: A form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication among speakers of two different languages

58
Q

Dialect

A

Dialect: a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

59
Q

Subdialect

A

Subdialect: a subdivision of a dialect

60
Q

Standard Language

A

Standard language: a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication

61
Q

Creole (Creolized Langauge)

A

Creole (creolized language): a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

62
Q

Mutual Intelligibility

A

Mutual intelligibility: the ability of people communicating in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

63
Q

Multilingual

A

Multilingual: in or using several languages

64
Q

Bilingual

A

Bilingual: (of a country) using two languages, especially officially

65
Q

Orthography

A

Orthography: the conventional spelling system of a language

66
Q

Isogloss

A

Isogloss: a geographic word-usage boundary that exists for every word that is not used nationally

67
Q

Endangered Language

A

Endangered language: A language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

68
Q

Isolated Language

A

Isolated language: a language that is unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family

69
Q

Extinct Language

A

Extinct language: a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use

70
Q

Four Largest Religions

A

Four Largest Religions: Together, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism claim adherence of 78 percent of the world’s people

71
Q

Folk Religions

A

Folk Religions: The three largest groups of folk religions are Chinese traditional, primal-indigenous, and African traditional

72
Q

Athesim

A

Atheism: The belief that God does not exist

73
Q

Agnosticism

A

Agnosticism: The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven or disproven empirically

74
Q

Syncretism

A

Syncretism: the blending of cultural traits from two different cultures into a new trait (In religion, it is the combination of multiple traditions to create a new tradition)

75
Q

Universalizing Relgions

A

Universalizing religions: attempt to be global - to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location

76
Q

Ethnic Religions

A

Ethnic Religions: appeal primarily to one ethnic or cultural group, or the people of a specific region

77
Q

Congregation

A

Congregation: a local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship

78
Q

Denomination

A

Denomination: uniting of a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

79
Q

Branch

A

Branch: a large and fundamental division within a religion

80
Q

Christianity

A

Christianity: A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Split into branches of Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox.

81
Q

Islam

A

Islam: Monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah. Split into Sunni and Shiite branches.

82
Q

Buddhism

A

Buddhism: Monotheistic religion that worships the God Buddha, and is split into branches, Mahayana, Theravada, and Vajrayana.

83
Q

Judaism

A

Judaism: the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people

84
Q

Hinduism

A

Hinduism: a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, which developed from the Vedic religion (polytheistic).

85
Q

Sikhism

A

Sikhism: a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.

86
Q

Animism

A

Animism: the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe.

87
Q

Monotheism

A

Monotheism: a belief that there is only one God.

88
Q

Polytheism

A

Polytheism: the brief in many gods

89
Q

Evangelical

A

Evangelical: according to the teaching of the gospel or the Christian religion.

90
Q

Missionaries

A

Missionaries: individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion.

91
Q

Ghettos

A

Ghettos: city neighborhoods set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews

92
Q

Pilgrimage

A

Pilgrimage: A journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred

93
Q

Utopian Settlement

A

Utopian settlement: a community built to reflect the ideals of a particular religious or social group.

94
Q

Autonomous religions

A

Autonomous religions: self-sufficient religions where interactions among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas

95
Q

Hierarchical religion

A

Hierarchical religion: a well-defined geographic structure that organizes territory into local administrative units.

96
Q

Solar Calendar

A

Solar calendar: a calendar that has moths that correspond to the season or the apparent position of the sun in relation to the stars

97
Q

Lunar Calendar

A

Lunar calendar: a calendar that has months that correspond to cycles of moon places

98
Q

Lunisolar Calender

A

Lunisolar calendar: a calendar that has lunar months that are brought into alignment with the solar year through periodic adjustment

99
Q

Solstice

A

Solstice: the time or date (twice each year) at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days (about June 21 and December 22). In ethnic religions, it is of special significance

100
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Fundamentalism: a literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to what the fundamentalists define as the basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

101
Q

Caste

A

Caste: the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu was born, according to religious law.

102
Q

Ethnicity

A

Ethnicity: identity with a group of people we share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

103
Q

Race

A

Race: identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait

104
Q

Racism

A

Racism: the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

105
Q

Racist

A

Racist: a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.

106
Q

Nationality

A

Nationality: identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment to a particular country

107
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

Ethnic enclaves: a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those surrounding the area

108
Q

Ethnoburb/Ethnic Neighborhood

A

Enthnoburb/Ethnic Neighborhood: A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

AP HUG 1/3/5/7 (4 decks)

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