Unit 3 Flashcards
habit
Habit: A repetitive act that a particular individual performs.
Custom
Custom: A repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group.
Culture
Culture: A particular group’s material characteristics, behavioral patterns, beliefs, social norms, and attitudes that are shared and transmitted
Culture Trait
Culture Trait: The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture.
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Material Aspects of Culture
Material Aspects of Culture: Anything that can physically be seen on the landscape connecting to culture.
Non material aspects of culture
Non-Material Aspects of Culture: Anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched.
Artifacts
Artifacts: An object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or another relic from an earlier period
Mentifacts
Mentifacts: Represents the ideas and beliefs of a culture.
Sociofacts
Sociofacts: The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unit a culture, including family structure and political, educational, and religious institutions
Cultural Landscape/Built Environment
Cultural Landscape/Built Environment: The part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape. The tangible human creation on the landscape.
Sequent Occupance
Sequent Occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
Folk Culture (Homogenous)
Folk Culture: (Homogeneous): Culture traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas.
Popular Culture (heterogeneous)
Popular Culture: (Heterogeneous): Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other characteristics.
Globalization
Globalization: Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Glocalization
Glocalization: The process in which human culture, such as businesses or language, or recipes, spreads internationally while also reinforcing certain local cultures.
Placelessness
Placelessness: the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the rest
Postmodern Archietcture
Postmodern Architecture: Tries to design buildings that are visually pleasing to human beings and provide modern humans with a link to their past.
Traditional Architecture
Traditional Architecture: Traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places.
Relocation Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend through the bodily movement of people from one place to another
Expansion Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.
Hierarchical Diffusion
Hierarchical Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or a node of authority or power to other persons or places.
Stimulus Diffusion
Stimulus Diffusion: The spread of an underlying principle or belief
Contagious Diffusion
Contagious diffusion: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
Folk Religionists
Folk Religionists: faiths that are closely associated with a particular group of people, ethnicity, or tribe.
Gendered Space
Gendered Space: Areas in which particular genders of people, and particular types of gender expression, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate.
Taboo
Taboo: A restriction on behavior imposed by religious law or social custom.
Cultural Convergence
Cultural Convergence: The tendency for cultures to become more alike/mend as they increasingly share ideas and resources in a modern world (created through improved international sharing of things and popular culture).
Cultural Homogenization
Cultural Homogenization: The spread of a popular culture product across larger spaces results in a loss of localized folk culture diversity, and convergence of cultural preferences.
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism: The principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism: The feeling that one’s ethnic group is superior.
Assimiliation
Assimilation: the process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group.
Multiculutralism
Multiculturalism: The belief that different cultural or ethnic groups have a right to remain distinct rather than assimilating to “mainstream” norms.
Acculturation
Acculturation: The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct cultural features. Adapting an element of someone else’s culture into your own.
Language
Language: a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
Centripetal Force
Centripetal force: a force that tends to unify people
Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal force: a force that tends to pull people apart
Institutional Language
Institutional Language: language used in education, work, mass media, and government
Developing Language
Developing language: language in daily use by people of all ages from children to developing individuals
Vigorous Language
Vigorous language: language in daily use by all people of all ages, but lacks a literary tradition
Threatened Language
Threatened language: a language that typically does not have a literary element, and the numbers of speakers are declining because another language is spoken by a predominantly younger population
Dying Language
Dying language: language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children
Literary Tradition
Literary Tradition: a language that is written as well as spoken
Language Family
Language family: a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
Language Branch
Language branch: a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago; differences are not as extensive or old as between language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family
Language Group
Language group: a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary
Indo-European
Indo- European: of or relating to a group of languages that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe, in the parts of the world colonized by Europeans, and in parts of Asia. (most widely used language family).
Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin: the Latin that people in the provinces learned was not the standard literary form but a spoken form
Toponyms
Toponyms: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature (a name given to a place on Earth)
Lingua Franca
Lingua franca: a language of international communication
Logograms
Logograms: symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words
Offical Languages
Official language: language used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business
Working Languages
Working language: language designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation
Informal Languages
Informal Language: New languages created by mixing English with other languages.
Franglais
Franglais: the mix of French and English
Spanglish
Spanglish: The mix of Spanish and English
Denglish
Denglish: The mix of German and English
Pidgin Language
Pidgin language: A form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication among speakers of two different languages
Dialect
Dialect: a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Subdialect
Subdialect: a subdivision of a dialect
Standard Language
Standard language: a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication
Creole (Creolized Langauge)
Creole (creolized language): a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Mutual Intelligibility
Mutual intelligibility: the ability of people communicating in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
Multilingual
Multilingual: in or using several languages
Bilingual
Bilingual: (of a country) using two languages, especially officially
Orthography
Orthography: the conventional spelling system of a language
Isogloss
Isogloss: a geographic word-usage boundary that exists for every word that is not used nationally
Endangered Language
Endangered language: A language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently
Isolated Language
Isolated language: a language that is unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family
Extinct Language
Extinct language: a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use
Four Largest Religions
Four Largest Religions: Together, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism claim adherence of 78 percent of the world’s people
Folk Religions
Folk Religions: The three largest groups of folk religions are Chinese traditional, primal-indigenous, and African traditional
Athesim
Atheism: The belief that God does not exist
Agnosticism
Agnosticism: The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven or disproven empirically
Syncretism
Syncretism: the blending of cultural traits from two different cultures into a new trait (In religion, it is the combination of multiple traditions to create a new tradition)
Universalizing Relgions
Universalizing religions: attempt to be global - to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location
Ethnic Religions
Ethnic Religions: appeal primarily to one ethnic or cultural group, or the people of a specific region
Congregation
Congregation: a local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship
Denomination
Denomination: uniting of a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
Branch
Branch: a large and fundamental division within a religion
Christianity
Christianity: A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Split into branches of Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox.
Islam
Islam: Monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah. Split into Sunni and Shiite branches.
Buddhism
Buddhism: Monotheistic religion that worships the God Buddha, and is split into branches, Mahayana, Theravada, and Vajrayana.
Judaism
Judaism: the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people
Hinduism
Hinduism: a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, which developed from the Vedic religion (polytheistic).
Sikhism
Sikhism: a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.
Animism
Animism: the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe.
Monotheism
Monotheism: a belief that there is only one God.
Polytheism
Polytheism: the brief in many gods
Evangelical
Evangelical: according to the teaching of the gospel or the Christian religion.
Missionaries
Missionaries: individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion.
Ghettos
Ghettos: city neighborhoods set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews
Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage: A journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
Utopian Settlement
Utopian settlement: a community built to reflect the ideals of a particular religious or social group.
Autonomous religions
Autonomous religions: self-sufficient religions where interactions among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas
Hierarchical religion
Hierarchical religion: a well-defined geographic structure that organizes territory into local administrative units.
Solar Calendar
Solar calendar: a calendar that has moths that correspond to the season or the apparent position of the sun in relation to the stars
Lunar Calendar
Lunar calendar: a calendar that has months that correspond to cycles of moon places
Lunisolar Calender
Lunisolar calendar: a calendar that has lunar months that are brought into alignment with the solar year through periodic adjustment
Solstice
Solstice: the time or date (twice each year) at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days (about June 21 and December 22). In ethnic religions, it is of special significance
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism: a literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to what the fundamentalists define as the basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Caste
Caste: the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu was born, according to religious law.
Ethnicity
Ethnicity: identity with a group of people we share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
Race
Race: identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait
Racism
Racism: the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Racist
Racist: a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.
Nationality
Nationality: identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment to a particular country
Ethnic Enclaves
Ethnic enclaves: a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those surrounding the area
Ethnoburb/Ethnic Neighborhood
Enthnoburb/Ethnic Neighborhood: A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population
