Unit 5

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Question 2

Social Contract

Answer 2

An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th-18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

Question 3

Natural Right

Answer 3

rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by “natural law.” Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke

Question 4

Deism

Answer 4

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Question 5

Liberalism

Answer 5

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Question 6

Empiricism

Answer 6

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Question 7

Nationalism

Answer 7

sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory; sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity

Question 8

Feminism

Answer 8

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment

Question 9

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 9

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792

Question 10

Suffrage

Answer 10

the right to vote in political elections

Question 11

End of Serfdom

Answer 11

Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865

Question 12

Declaration of Independence

Answer 12

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Question 13

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 13

Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Question 14

Jamaica Letter

Answer 14

A document written by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar in which he famously expanded his views on the independence movement in Venezuela and the ways in which the government attempted to operate.

Question 15

Reign of Terror

Answer 15

(1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for “disloyalty;” led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine

Question 16

Simon Bolivar

Answer 16

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Question 17

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 17

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Question 18

Realpolitik

Answer 18

a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany

Question 19

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 19

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871

Question 20

Peninsulares

Answer 20

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have “tainted bloodlines”

Question 21

Creoles

Answer 21

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Question 22

Industrial Revolution

Answer 22

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750

Question 23

Cottage Industry

Answer 23

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued

Question 24

Factory System

Answer 24

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers

Question 25

Seed Drill

Answer 25

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth

Question 26

Spinning Jenny

Answer 26

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.

Question 27

Crop Rotation

Answer 27

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the c. 1750 time period and led to increased crop yields and growing population

Question 28

Enclosure Movement

Answer 28

consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities

Question 29

Steam Engine

Answer 29

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Question 30

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 30

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Question 31

Telegraph

Answer 31

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Question 32

Muhammad Ali

Answer 32

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Question 33

Meiji Restoration

Answer 33

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Question 34

Adam Smith

Answer 34

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a precursor to modern capitalism.

Question 35

Wealth of Nations

Answer 35

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith’s 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Question 36

Laissez-faire economics

Answer 36

hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy

Question 37

Transnational business

Answer 37

A business that operates in several different countries but in one specific country (headquarters), two companies include the United Fruits company and HSBC

Question 38

Industrial Working Class

Answer 38

lower class created during the 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution; often experienced poor living and working conditions

Question 39

Middle Class

Answer 39

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers; rose to wealth and prominence during the Industrial Revolution

Question 40

Urbanization

Answer 40

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside.

Question 41

Karl Marx

Answer 41

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Question 42

Communism

Answer 42

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 43

Socialism

Answer 43

a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 44

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 44

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Question 45

Young Turks

Answer 45

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Question 46

Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 46

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese under the Qing Dynasty attempted to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways

Question 47

HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Baking Corporation)

Answer 47

HSBC was established in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia. Initially founded in the British colony of Hong Kong it benefited from the opening of China to trade, including the opium trade.

Question 48

Capitalism

Answer 48

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Question 49

Labor Union

Answer 49

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; popularized after worker exploitation common after the Industrial Revolution

Question 50

Proletariat

Answer 50

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Question 51

Bourgeoisie

Answer 51

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people