Unit 5

Question 1

What is a disease

Answer 1

A disease is a disorder that affects an organism’s body, organs, tissues or cells.

Question 2

Communicable disease

Answer 2

Which are caused by pathogens and can be transferred from one organism to another. In humans, these examples include measles, food poisoning and malaria.

Question 3

Non communicable diseases

Answer 3

Which are not transferred between people or other organisms. Examples in humans include cancer, diabetes, genetic diseases and conditions, heart disease and neurological disorders. Non communicable diseases are the leading cause of death in the world.

Question 4

Microorganisms vs pathogens

Answer 4

Microorganisms are small living things that are everehre around us and cannnot be seen with the naked eye. Pathogens are harmful microorganisms taht causes diseases,

Question 5

Examples of where bacteria are helpful (4)

Answer 5

not all bacteria are harmful. For example, yogurt and cheese makers use bacteria to make their products. Bacteria like intestinal flora can be helpful to our bodies whereas e.coli can be harmful and can cause disease. More importantly, there are millions of bacteria in the human digestive system. Having the right mix of bacteria is vital. Gut bacteria help to digest good. They also help prevent diabetes , obesity and some types of cancer.

Question 6

Parasite

Answer 6

An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense.

Question 7

Host

Answer 7

A living organism that acts as a harbor for invading pathogenic organism

Question 8

Lifecycle of a pathogen

Answer 8

They infect a host, reproduce/replicate themselves and spread from their host to infect other organisms.

Question 9

Four main types of pathogens

Answer 9

Four main types of pathogens are bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa.

Question 10

Toxins (as a way of causing disease )

Answer 10

toxins are harmful substances produced by the pathogen that poison the body’s tissue and enzymes.

Question 11

Reproduction ( as a way of causing disease )

Answer 11

A rise in the number of pathogens can damage a cell, even causing it to burst. Some pathogens hijack resources that the cell needs to survive. Painkillers can relieve the symptoms of an infection but do not kill the pathogen.

Question 12

Some signs of immune response

Answer 12

Sites of infection often become swollen, sore and hot as a result of increased blood flow.

Question 13

Antibody

Answer 13

A Y-shaped protein produced by the body that binds to antigens

Question 14

Antigen

Answer 14

A substance on pathogens that stimulates the production of antibodies

Question 15

B-lymphocyte

Answer 15

A white blood cell that produces antibodies

Question 16

Pathogen specific defenses include

Answer 16

Antibodies, T- and B-cells

Question 17

Non pathogen specific defenses include

Answer 17

Inflammation to attract white cells into tissues and ingestion of bacteria by white blood cells

Question 18

Immune response

Answer 18

The body’s defense mechanism against foreign material such as pathogens.

Question 19

Phagocytosis

Answer 19

The process where a type of white blood cell called a macrophage ingests and destroys a pathogen.

Question 20

T+lymphocyte

Answer 20

A type of white blood cell that recognizes and destroys pathogens, and coordinates the immune response

Question 21

Vaccine

Answer 21

A small amount of dead or weakened pathogen that stimulates antibody production. A vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies and memory cells against the target pathogen, without making the person severely ill. If the vaccinated person is later infected by the same pathogen, their immune system can destroy it very quickly.

Question 22

Here immunity

Answer 22

Resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population based on pre-existing immunity in a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination

Question 23

Epidemic

Answer 23

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Question 24

Moses’s of indirect transmission

Answer 24

Airborne
Vehicle borne
Vector borne
-Mechanical
-Biological

Question 25

Autoimmune disease

Answer 25

A disease caused by a person’s own immune system attacking other parts of their body.

Question 26

Disbelieve as an autoimmune disease ( include what ist caused by, and who normally devolpes it )

Answer 26

An example for an autoimmune disease is diabetes. It is a disease in which blood glucose levels fluctuate widely. It is caused by failure of production of the hormone insulin by pancreas, a gland that lies just beneath the stomach. The function of this hormone is to control the concentration of glucose in the blood. Pancreas make this hormone when blood glucose concentration rises above normal, and it causes the concentration to fall. Diabetes type 1 is normally developed in kids rather than adults and it is genetic.