Unit 4a Flashcards
What is a global common and what % of the ocean are classified as such?
Classified by UNCLOS as ‘high seas’, more than 60% of the worlds oceans are global commons and these areas are beyond national jurisdiction
Why do you think global commons may create management challenges?
- cannot monitor everywhere all the time
- conflicts over enforcing rules
- hard to ‘police’
Why are whales hunted?
restaurant industry
perfume industry and used to make corsets
in the 20th century, up to 12,000 tonnes of whale fat were annually used as fuel and lubricating oil
Blue whales around Antarctica has been reduced to what percentage of their initial numbers by the 1960’s?
0.15%
What was the number of whales in the humpback whale population pre and post 20th century?
pre 20th = 100,000
post 20th = 42,000
What is the IWC and when were they founded?
in 1946, industry has been regulated by International Whaling Commission.
What did the IWC issue in 1986?
they issued an indefinite ban on commercial whale hunting. Required all 168 nation who have signed to agree to the ‘Law of the Seas’ to follow the guidelines
When did the IWC establish the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, what area did it cover?
in 1994
covering 50million sq km around antarctica, complete ban
What were the two limitations to the IWC commercial whaling ban?
1, indigenous (traditional) societies are still permitted a restricted level of hunting
2. Japan and Norway continued hunting due to what the governments called ‘scientific reasons’
How many whales did Japan whale in 2005?
850
When did Japan withdraw from the IWC and recommerce commercial whaling?
2018, on Boxing Day
Where is Japan carrying out commercial whaling and where is it going to stop whaling?
carry out = territorial waters
stop carrying out = only in their EEZ, NOT in the Arctic coast
they believe this will recover the whale population
Why has Japan arguably made this decision?
small towns and coastal villages make most of their money from whaling
political influences
What % of Japan’s population consume whale meat?
less than 1%
What are some of the FOR points on whether whaling should be permitted at all?
- income
- indigenous whaling on a sustainable scale
- Eskimos = believe whales offer their life as a gift
- they don’t just use it for meat, use blubber, bones and skin
What are some of the AGAINST points on whether whaling should be permitted at all?
- vital to maintain environments (important for circulating nutrients)
- should only be allowed for those using sustainably, other sources of meat available to others
What are the three reasons to the increased pressure to over-exploit marine ecosystems?
- increase in affluence
- increase in globalisation
- in in global population = increase in global demand
How many people rely on fish as their main food source?
1 billion globally
By 2050, what will happen to fish stock vs. demand?
all global fisheries will collapse but demand will double
In the last 50 years what % of fish has been lost?
90%
What is 30 by 30?
protect 1/3 of oceans, let them replenish, fish on the other 2/3s, by 2030
What is the reason for fish industry collapse in Canadian Newfoundland 1992, back up with stat?
no more cod stock
1966 to 1977- dropped by 82%
(functionally extinct, not had enough time to replenish their numbers)
What actions were taken to protect northern cod species in Canada?
COD MORATORIUM
banned all fishing in 1992 (to let the population recover)
How where the fishermen in Canada compensated?
$225 a week
How many fishermen lost their jobs because of the moratorium in Canada?
40,000
What were the unemployment rates in Canada after the moratorium?
14%
When was the moratorium lifted?
July 2024
What where the socio-economic impacts of the moratorium in Canada?
loneliness, aging population
population decline seen by 25 fishing crew before, only 5 remained
in late 1990s town council only had 2 members and 11 primary school students
What is ‘sustainable management of marine environments’?
sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What are the three key elements in making something sustainable?
economy
environment
social community
What is being done at a global scale to manage marine environments sustainably?
UN sustainable development goal, in 2015 put forward for sustainable development by 2030
Which of the UN goals was to do with oceans?
Number 14
protect life below water
What did the UN Fish Stock Agreement in 1995 set out to do?
59 member states
- conserve and manage fishing stocks
- states should cooperate for both in and out of EEZ
- establish minimum international standards for high seas
What was signed in 2023 by UN?
UN High Seas Treaty
increase protection in international waters
What proportion of the oceans are considered high seas?
2/3s
How are the UN planning on protecting the high seas?
- cleaner oceans
- sustainably manage fishing stocks
- companies have to reduce pollution
In 20201, how much plastic entered the world’s oceans?
17 million metric tonnes, make up 85% of marine litter
What is an example of a regional scale case study that is trying to manage fishing stocks?
The EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
What does the CFP restrict and allow fishermen to do?
put quotas for each type of fish
known as total allowable catches (TACs)
What is ‘discarding’?
fishermen over catch, above the quota and this means that dead fish are thrown back into the oceans, but the numbers are still taken out of the population
what is meant by bycatch?
anything you don’t want to catch e.g. sharks or fish that take you over the limit
What is a marine reserve?
protected areas/ fish stocks within a countries EEZ
Contrast the level of protection between Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) and EEZs?
ABNJ = 1.2%
EEZs = 16.8%
What is the case study for a Marine Protected Area (MPA)?
Tristan de Cunha (British Overseas Territory), in the South Atlantic
What is the population of Tristan de Cunha?
250 inhabitants
Established in 2020, how big was the MPA in Tristan de Cunha?
3x the size of the U.K,
687,000km2
4th largest in the world
What was established in Lamlash Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland?
No take zone
Why was it necessary to establish protected area in Lamlash Bay?
fish stocks fell by 96%
most commercially productive fishing areas
Which local group was formed to protect the area of Lamlash Bay?
Community of Arran Seabed Trust
When did the protect status begin of Lamlash Bay and what is the size of the NTZ?
20th September 2008
size = 280 sq km
After 10 years what affect has the zone had on biodiversity in Lamlash Bay?
marine life has returned at dramatic levels in area, some species increase by 400%
Why could the strategy used in Lamlash Bay be used to tackle the issue of overfishing in other locations?
shown pronounced biodiversity recovery
benefit to local economy
attracting visitors and divers
Are there any issues of sustainability from aquaculture?
1/2 of all fish consumed from aquaculture
takes space
removes nutrients from ecosystems
