Unit 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of an ocean?
An interconnected mass of saltwater where boundaries are established by continental land masses, the equator or ridges in the ocean floor
What percentage cover of Earth do oceans make up?
71%
What is the definition of a sea?
usually smaller than an ocean, and is a body of salt water that is surrounded an almost all sides, by land or other parts of the ocean
What is the definition of a bay?
a bay is a body enclosed (on three sides) by land, with a wide mouth that opens into the ocean
Name the 5 oceans.
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic
What is an example of a canal?
Suez
What are 2 examples of a sea?
South China sea and Mediterranean
During the 1700’s to early 1900’s what empire ruled over 35% of the Earth’s land surface?
British Empire (U.K = maritime superpower)
During the British Empire what were the ocean’s important for?
- establishing trade routes for commodities around the world
- control of strategic trade routes and ports to maintain dominance of regions
What is a supranational?
gives up part of its sovereignty
What is the definition of a commodity?
anything with economic value e.g goods or slaves
What countries were Britain trading with the main goods/comodities?
India - cotton, textiles
Caribbean - coffee, tobacco, sugar
Which cities in the U.K has an historical linkage with the slave trade?
Liverpool, Glasgow, Bristol
What are some of the Economic links that Britain still shares with the Commonwealth countries?
TRADE, e.g U.K to Nigeria (2016) $2.5 billion via tourism
Commonwealth games generate income - added £1.2 billion to U.K economy
How much did Liverpool make from the slave trade in the 18th century?
£300,000 annually
What percentage of global trade moved through Mersyside (Liverpool)?
40%
What are the political links that Britain still shares with Commonwealth countries?
Immigration - Rwanda Policy, individuals are compensated
What is containerisation?
the process of putting comodities into containers for shipment
Global colonial powers created an early form of globalisation as connectivity between countries was established. What is the Commonwealth?
an intergovernmental organisation of 52-member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire
What is global governance?
relates to laws, codes and regulations that apply at an international level (implying and directing decisions, rather than direct control)
What are the Social/Cultural links that Britain still shares with the Commonwealth Countries?
Commonwealth games, head of state (Monarchy) and migration patterns = formation of diasporas
Why do ocean’s need to be governed?
- overfishing issues
- pollution
- illegal immigration
- piracy
Post 1945 a number of supranational institutions have been established help to maintain peace and cooperation between countries. What are the 6 institutions for global governance?
UN (United Nations)
EU (European Union)
G7
G20
G77
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
When was the UN founded and what do they do?
Founded 1945
193 member state, support and maintain world peace and security and foster co operation between nations
When was the EU founded and what do they do?
Founded 1993
27 member countries, promote greater social, political and economic harmony among nations of Europe
When was the G7 founded and what do they do?
Founded 1975
7 member countries e.g U.K, U.S.A, Canada, France…
When was the G20 founded and what do they do?
Founded 1999
19 member countries + EU (2/3 of world population)
discuss ways to strengthen the global economy
When was NATO founded and what do they do?
Founded 1949
31 members it guarantees freedom and security of tis members through political and military means
What is the definition of a law?
a legally binding contract or set of rules which countries must abide to, there could be penalties imposed if this is not abided to
What is the definition of an agreement?
a negotiated agreement between parties as to a course of action, may not be legally binding
What does UNCLOS stand for?
United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea
What is the meaning of a ‘global common’?
everyone and anyone has access to it
e.g the high seas, antarctica
During the 20th century there was growing pressures around potential conflicts regarding the use of ocean resources. In 1994 UNCLOS put into place an international treaty. How many countries signed?
117 nations
What were the 7 key areas covered in the international treaty released by UNCLOS?
- Navigational rights (right of passage)
- Territorial Sea Limits (what they have security over)
- Economic Jurisdiction (resources)
- Legal status of resources on the seabed and beyond national jurisdiction
- Passage of ships through narrow straits
- Conservation and management of living marine resources
- a binding procedure for settlement of disputes between states
UNCLOS created zones within the oceans using Nautical Miles (NM). What are territorial waters?
(Up to 12 nm)
include airspace above and waterbed, foreign flag ships have right of ‘innocent passage’
Submarines must travel on the surface (display heir flag, no military actions)
What are contiguous waters?
(up to 24 nm)
coastal stats have rights to waters and airspace for the purposes of enforcing immigration, customs, law ,taxation
What is an EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)?
(up to 200 nm)
coastal states have the exploitation rights to all the natural resources, foreign nations have the rights to water and airspace, subject to agreements, and can lay submarine pipes and cables.
What is a continental shelf?
(up to 350 nm)
coastal states have the right to harvest minerals and non-living material from the shelf, to the exclusion of others.
How is the continental shelf defined?
based on the geography of the area, the land underneath the ocean
What is Goal 1 and who established it?
United Nations (sustainable development goals)
adopted in 2015 to clear targets for 2030
goals aim to tackle many social, economic, environmental and political global issues
What does CITES stand for?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
When did CITES come into force and how any countries signed?
1975 and 183 countries signed
How many species are protected (plant and animal) and how many subgroups are there?
animal = 5,800
plant = 30,000
3 subgroups
What is Appendix 1 and what are some examples?
a species threatened with extinction
e.g. Antarctic Minke Whale
What is Appendix 2 and what are some examples?
A species which requires trade to be controlled in order to avoid over utilisation which would threaten the species survival
e.g. seahorses
What is Appendix 3 and what are some examples?
species which are protected in at least one country
e.g. brown sea cucumber in Ecuador
