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History > Unit 4 WWI > Flashcards

Unit 4 WWI Flashcards

1
Q

Out break of WWI

A

From 1914-1918
“War to end all wars” or Great War
Mainly in Europe
M.A.I.N
M: Militarism
A: Alliances
I: Imperialism
N: Nationalism
Building up for 40-50 years, leading up to outbreak

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2
Q

Militarism

A

Building up of armies and military for war

Begins to take shape on a larger scale in the 1870s

Race to seas- GB and G trying to out build each other’s navies

Modernize their navies

Defend colonies in Asia and Africa

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3
Q

Militarism in Am.

A

Under Teddy Roosevelt

Great White Fleet- 16 battle ships traveled around the world to show Am. ‘s military power

Pearl Harbor- US navy in Hawaii

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4
Q

Alliances

A

Agreement between 2 or more countries to defend each other

This makes it so one country is in war and then their ally needs to fight

Why? - Protect yourself and isolate your enemy

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5
Q

imperialism

A

Larger country taking control over smaller country and adding it to its own

By 1900, European powers had colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Why? -Needs goods and resources, military power/defense, desire to assert dominance

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6
Q

legacy of am.

A

Mckinely- S/A war, Hawaii, Open door policy

TR- Big stick diplomacy, Roosevelt corollary, Panama Canal

Taft- Dollar diplomacy

Wilson- Missionary Diplomacy

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7
Q

nationalism

A

Extreme National Pride; 1. Devotion to keep you country together / 2. To declare nationalities independence

Example: Unification of G 1871, Unification of Italy 1861-1871, A-H Empire where many nationalities wanted to break away (Slavs, Slovakians, Poles)

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8
Q

assassination of archduke ferdinand

A

Fraz Ferdinand- Archduke of A-H and heir to throne, assassinated on June 28, 1914 by Serbian nationalists Gavril Princip

A-H declared war on Serbia and almost all of Europe is involved

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9
Q

the dominoes fall

A

in 1914 the us declares neutrality

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10
Q

central powers

A

Germany, A-H ( later O-E, and Bulgaria)

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11
Q

allied powers

A

GB, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia ( later Italy, Japan, and us will join)

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12
Q

trench warfare

A

land warfare in combating enemies fire at each other from the trenches

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13
Q

no mans land

A

Land between the trenches not controlled by either side (Most dangerous place on the battlefield)

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14
Q

diseases in trenches

A

Trench foot – foot becomes numb, swollen and in pain due to long exposer to cold, wet conditions

Foot might decay, may result in amputation approx. 75,000 B and 2,000 Am. Soldiers impacted by trench foot

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15
Q

technology

A

Machine gun

Poison gas – mustard gas, chlorine

Tanks

Armored cars- machine guns strapped to cars

Airplanes- fighting in skies, dropping bombs

Flame throwers- spray burning fuel

Heavy artillery- larger cannons

Grenades- handheld explosives

Submarines

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16
Q

why does the us enter the war

A

Although the US was not officially in the war, the US had a clear bias towards the Allies

Why?-

Common culture, and business connections w/ B – loaned approx. $3.7Billion

GB blockaded G by sea

In return, G used U-boats (submarines) to take out merchant ships from other countries carrying war supplies to Gb (including Am. Ships trying to supply B) Unrestricted submarine warfare

The Sinking of the Lusitania – In May of 1915, G U-boats sink a B passenger ship, The Lusitania, killing 128 Americans on board; the ship was also carrying war supplies for B

The Sussex Pledge:

In 1916, G sank a French passenger ship (the Sussex) w/Americans injured on-board; no war supplies- 100% civilian ships

Trying to avoid the war, in 1916 Wilson signs the “Sussex Pledge” in which G agrees to not attack merchant ships w/out warning (no Unrestricted submarine warfare)

Anti-German attitudes begin to grow in the US, the Americans still do not want war

By keeping the US out of the war in Europe, Woodrow Wilson is re-elected as President in 1916

The Zimmerman Telegram- German official Arthur Zimmerman sends a telegram to Mexico stating that if Mexico declares war on the US that Germany will aid Mexico and help regain its lost territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

Intercepted by British in Jan. 1917

Published to Am. Public in March 1917 > Am. Public outraged

In Feb. And March of 1917, German U-boats sink more Am. Merchant ships w/out warning- breaking the Sussex Pledge

President Wilson declares war on Germany on April 2, 1917

Why? Extend Response Question for Test/Quiz

Continued use of unrestricted submarine warfare; breaking of the Sussex Pledge > public outrage

The Zimmerman Telegram > public outrage

Russia’s exit from the war; Allies need more military support against Germany

Business Interests- fear of Allies loans not being repaid if Germany wins

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17
Q

Wilson calls for volunteers

A

At the start of the war, Wilson calls for 1 mil. Volunteers to fight

In 6 weeks, only 73,000 volunteers (war is not popular w/ all A.m.’s)

More Ohioans volunteered at the start of the US Civil War then this 6 week period nationwide; Approx. 320,000 Ohioans

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18
Q

how does Wilson’s solve this problem

A

1917 Selective Service Act – Law passed by Congress that allowed the gov’t to institute a military draft

All able-bodied men ages 18-45 were subject to be drafted; no substitutes

3 mil. are drafted

25% of Am.’s fighting force in WWI is foreign born immigrants

Propaganda – public info/advertisement w/misleading or bias info; trying to promote a specific point of view (commercials, posters, songs, art, literature)

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19
Q

American women and African Americans in WWI

A

Women:

10,000 serve in the navy

Several hundred in the marines- mostly secretarial work

The Am. Red Cross- many women serve as nurses for the Red Cross, ambulance drivers

Peace Activism ( Jane Addams- heavily criticized for going against ideas of Am. Nationalism)

A-Americans:

  • 500,000 serve in segregated units ( era of Jim Crow)
  • At the immediate end of the war; they are awarded France’s highest military honors and awards
  • No immediate awards and honors given by the US
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20
Q

what is Winston Churchill convinced he can do

A

break the stalemate in Europe

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21
Q

what is Churchill’s plan

A

go through Gallipoli and attack central powers from the east

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22
Q

t/f; Churchill’s plan was a success

A

false

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23
Q

how/why is Vladimir Lenin considered a weapon

A

he is going to overthrow the Russian govt and get them out of the war

24
Q

who is Lenin’s old friend who escaped from Siberian prison 6 times

A

joseph Stalin

25
Q

t/f; the plan was a failure for Germany

A

false

26
Q

what was the boiling point that caused the us to join the war

A

the Zimmerman Telegram

27
Q

what piece of mobile technology go rid of cavalry

A

tanks

28
Q

t/f; George Patton’s tank brigade helped break the western front stalemate

A

true

29
Q

t/f; douglas macarthur had a reputation for walking directly through no mans land

A

true

30
Q

t/f; mustard gas only affects the skin

A

false

31
Q

War Time Hysteria on the Home front

A

The Espionage Act(1917)- allows for punishment of those who cause the trouble for the military ( disobeying orders, encouraging disloyalty) and draft ( draft dodgers)

The Sedition Act (1918) - prevent citizens from making “disloyal” or “offensive” comments about the gov’t and the war effort; citizens can be punished for the offenses( this is no longer in effect todays)

Eugene Debs – socialist who speaks out prominently against the war. Sent to 10 yrs in jail and runs for pres. From jail and loses

Food Administration- gov’t agency designed to conserve food for military purposes; rations out food to public; sets quotas and limits on food access to the public (Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesday)

Victory Gardens – Homegrown gardens to help the individual and community supply of fresh produce and ease the strain of public supply chain (grown in homes, schools, public parks)

The War Industries Board - government agency established during World War I to facilitate the production of war materials and managing the distribution of those supplies

Liberty Bonds to fund the war (bonds- essentially a person loans the government money by buying a bond; the government promises to buy back that bond in a certain amount of time with interest)

32
Q

how did they convince Americans to buy bonds

A

Educate people on the causes and objectives of the war

Appeal to Americans’ patriotism, encouraging everyone from children to millionaires to reduce personal spending in order to buy bonds (propaganda)

Use volunteer labor instead of government workers to sell the bonds

33
Q

a-americans in WWI

A

Harlem Hellfighters- all African-American regiment in WW1; remembered for their bravery and intense fighting techniques; help liberate France in the Meuse–Argonne Offensive with the rest of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

The Great Migration- the movement of six million African-Americans from the South to cities in the North and the West seeking more freedom and opportunities between 1910-1970; (First Phase- 1910s-1940s; Second Phase- 1940s-1970s)

During World War I- war industries encouraged African-Americans to come North and West for better paying jobs

African-American population rises dramatically in Northern cities between 1910-1920

34
Q

American Women in WWI

A

Women:

Several hundred in the marines- mostly secretarial work (“Hello Girls”- switchboard/phone operators)

Peace Activism:

Jane Addams [muckraker; Hull House founder]- heavily criticized for going against ideas of American nationalism by speaking out against the war

Jeannette Rankin- representative from Montana; only member of Congress to vote against American entry into World War I and World War II

35
Q

Americans Expeditionary Force

A

US military forces sent to Europe during WWI

36
Q

Key leaders of AEF

A

General John J. Pershing- primary leader of the AEF during WWI

Lieutenant Colonel George Patton-key leader of American tank divisions in the AEF

Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur- key leader of American infantry units in the AEF

Both Patton and MacArthur led directly from the front lines of the trenches; often crossing into no man’s land

All three are going to be present in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Patton and MacArthur will later lead the US to victory in the WWII as well

37
Q

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

A

Last major Allied offensive against Germany in which the Allies break the German lines; most important battle for the AEF; Sept. 26-Nov. 11, 1918

Pershing unleashes Open Warfare Strategy- Attacking in mass formation; force the enemy to emerge from the trenches and fight openly in no-man’s land, bombardment from tanks, planes, and mustard gas

Very bloody; very quick offense

Harlem Hell fighters earn their nickname during this campaign

Nov. 11, 1918- ARMISTICE ( Cease fire) is signed between Allies and Germany

38
Q

Spanish Flu

A

Second deadliest plague in history

The Spanish flu did not start in Spain

Spread to nose, lungs, sore throat, dark spots appear on body and then skin turns blue, bleeding, and suffocation.

More American deaths then in the war

39
Q

Who is the country not invited to Palace to discuss the Treaty

A

Germany

40
Q

How is Japan treated during the negotiations

A

Was cut out of negotiation and alienated from US

41
Q

what happens to germany as a result of this debt

A

struggles to survive almost in near civil war, bankrupt

42
Q

What does MacArthur begin doing when he gets his position at West Point

A

prepares the American soldiers for combat

43
Q

Mussolini was happy with the Treaty of Versailles

A

false

44
Q

What newish form of media does Mussolini use to get his message to the other Italians

A

Radio

45
Q

What group is Hitler hired to spy on

A

Germany workers party

46
Q

Hitler leaves the German army to join the group he formerly spying on

A

true

47
Q

What happened when Mussolini and the Black shirts marched on Rome in 1922

A

They force the King to give up control of the gov’t

48
Q

How did Hitler copy Mussolini?

A

He attempted to overthrow the gov’t

49
Q

“Germany is order to pay the Allies over —-, the modern equivalent of nearly —– “

A

80 billion, 1/2 a trillion dollars

50
Q

What do the countries want in the Treaty of Versailles

A

France: Revenge on Germany
Britain- Money and Revenge
Italy- Restoration of Italian lands promised to them
Germany- a plan based on peace and stability; but is left out of the negotiating table, Peace terms are dictated to Germany
America- Peace and stability to prevent future wars

51
Q

Wilson’s 14 pts. and TOV

A
  • both want the establishment of the League of Nations

THE TOV
1. G must admit war guilt
G loses colonies
G pays 30 billion in reparations
G must be disarm

52
Q

Wilson’s 14 Points

A

Pres. Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace in a post-WWI world; focused on stability, peace, no harsh reparations or punishment

53
Q

TOV

A

peace treaty signed by Allies and Central Powers, ending WWI; break up major empires and grants independence to ethnic groups and nationalities
- not signed by the US, the US rejects the Treaty
- US moves to a policy of isolation after WWI

54
Q

The League of Nations

A

The 1st international organization of world gov’ts to help facilitate and maintain peace among the nations; hoping to promote cooperation amongst the nations

55
Q

“War Guilt” Clause

A

-Germany assumes full blame for WWI
* G must disarm completely ( Army of only 10,000 allowed)
*G is not allowed to join League of Nations
*G Must pay war reparations to Allies
*G loses territory in E and its colonies

56
Q

Schenck V. US

A
  • Charles Schenck spoke out against the war
  • He was arrested for violating the Espionage Act on 1917 by speaking out against the war effort
    -Schenck then said the Espionage Act violated his right to free speech
    *The Supreme Court state that the circumstance of a war changes the rules related to free speech

Court Decision

  1. Wartime circumstances changed the rules related to the right of free speech
  2. “Clear and Present Danger” rule - The words used in speaking need to be used under such circumstances that it would not be a problem.

History (2 decks)

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