Unit 4: Transport of nutrients and oxygen -- cardiovascular circulation Flashcards
What are the systems required in ATP to run?
phosphagen system, glycolytic system, oxidative system
What do muscles require to run?
ATP; you use ATP to run
What are the steps of the phosphagen system?
- Use ATP available in muscle cells
2. Synthesize more ATP from phosphocreatine
How long does using ATP in muscle cells last?
enough for 1-3 seconds
What does synthesizing more ATP from phosphocreating entail?
Phosphocreatin (PCr) ———————- Creatine (Cr)
ADP —- —– ATP
(takes phosphate of)
di – 2 phosphates and tri – 3 phosphates
Very rapid reaction: 4M ATP/min
Muscle cells store very little phosphocreatine
How long does synthesizing more ATP from phosphocreatine last?
Enough for 8-10 seconds or longer
What are the steps in the glycolytic system?
Synthesize more ATP using glycolysis – lactic acid fermentation (substrate level phosphorylation)
What does synthesizing more ATP using glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation) envolve?
Breakdown glycogen to glucose
Use glucose in glycolysis (series of reactions)
Rapid reactions: 2.5M ATP/min
Anaerobic – O2 not required
Glucose – 2 pyruvates – if oxygen is inssuficient, each pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (decrease pH) which shuts down the whole process and restarts at glucose.
How long does synthesizing more ATP using glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation) last?
Lasts 1.3-1.6 minutes
What are the steps of the oxidative system?
Synthesize more ATP using oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation)
What does synthesizing more ATP using oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) entail?
Requires O2 – aerobic
use pyruvate (product of glycolysis) in citric acid cycle, electron transport system, chemiosmosis
Only 1M ATP/min but “unlimited” supply of ATP (as long as food and oxygen are supplied)
Provides 95% of energy used by muscles
How long does synthesizing more ATP using oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) last?
“Unlimited” duration of ATP
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid
What is a continuous capillary?
least permeable
most common
found in skin and muscle
What is a fenestrated capillary?
with large pores for absorption
in small intesting and kidneys
What is a sinusoid capillary?
most permeable
found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
What are the step of collecting nutrients absorbed by the small intestine?
- Monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids
2. Monosaccharides and amino acids and short-chain fatty acids
What are monglycerides and long-chain fatty acids?
Modified – before entering lacteal (vessel of lymphatic system) from chylomicron – enter ;acteal of lymphatic system —– transported throughout the body
What are monosaccharides and amino acids and short-chain fatty acids
Enter fenestrated capillaries of circulatory system
What does the circulation of nutrients in blood comprise?
Capillaries in stomach, small intestine, and large intesting
empty blood into hepatic portal vein
What happens in the liver during the circulation of nutrients in the blood?
- receives some nutrients from blood in sinusoid capillaries
- remaining nutrients continue to heart
What is the pathway of blood in the heart from the liver?
- de-oxygenated blood enters the heart from the right atrium (A)
- right atrium contracts - blood enters right ventricle (B)
- right ventricle contracts – blood is sent to capillaries and lungs; picks up oxygen (Hb-hemoglobin)
- oxygenated blood enters left atrium (C)
- left atrium contracts – blood enters left ventricle (D)
- left ventricle contracts – blood enters aorta (E) moves through body
What should you remember about the pathway of blood to the heart from the liver?
blood always enters an atrium first (when entering the heart)
What are the two steps of the coordinated heartbeat?
- Signal initiated in SA node in right atrium
2. Signal reaches AV node
