Unit 4: Transport of nutrients and oxygen -- cardiovascular circulation

Question 1

What are the systems required in ATP to run?

Answer 1

phosphagen system, glycolytic system, oxidative system

Question 2

What do muscles require to run?

Answer 2

ATP; you use ATP to run

Question 3

What are the steps of the phosphagen system?

Answer 3

1. Use ATP available in muscle cells

2. Synthesize more ATP from phosphocreatine

Question 4

How long does using ATP in muscle cells last?

Answer 4

enough for 1-3 seconds

Question 5

What does synthesizing more ATP from phosphocreating entail?

Answer 5

Phosphocreatin (PCr) ———————- Creatine (Cr)
ADP —- —– ATP
(takes phosphate of)
di – 2 phosphates and tri – 3 phosphates
Very rapid reaction: 4M ATP/min
Muscle cells store very little phosphocreatine

Question 6

How long does synthesizing more ATP from phosphocreatine last?

Answer 6

Enough for 8-10 seconds or longer

Question 7

What are the steps in the glycolytic system?

Answer 7

Synthesize more ATP using glycolysis – lactic acid fermentation (substrate level phosphorylation)

Question 8

What does synthesizing more ATP using glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation) envolve?

Answer 8

Breakdown glycogen to glucose
Use glucose in glycolysis (series of reactions)
Rapid reactions: 2.5M ATP/min
Anaerobic – O2 not required

Glucose – 2 pyruvates – if oxygen is inssuficient, each pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (decrease pH) which shuts down the whole process and restarts at glucose.

Question 9

How long does synthesizing more ATP using glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation) last?

Answer 9

Lasts 1.3-1.6 minutes

Question 10

What are the steps of the oxidative system?

Answer 10

Synthesize more ATP using oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 11

What does synthesizing more ATP using oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) entail?

Answer 11

Requires O2 – aerobic
use pyruvate (product of glycolysis) in citric acid cycle, electron transport system, chemiosmosis
Only 1M ATP/min but “unlimited” supply of ATP (as long as food and oxygen are supplied)
Provides 95% of energy used by muscles

Question 12

How long does synthesizing more ATP using oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) last?

Answer 12

“Unlimited” duration of ATP

Question 13

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 13

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

Question 14

What is a continuous capillary?

Answer 14

least permeable
most common
found in skin and muscle

Question 15

What is a fenestrated capillary?

Answer 15

with large pores for absorption

in small intesting and kidneys

Question 16

What is a sinusoid capillary?

Answer 16

most permeable

found in liver, bone marrow, spleen

Question 17

What are the step of collecting nutrients absorbed by the small intestine?

Answer 17

1. Monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids

2. Monosaccharides and amino acids and short-chain fatty acids

Question 18

What are monglycerides and long-chain fatty acids?

Answer 18

Modified – before entering lacteal (vessel of lymphatic system) from chylomicron – enter ;acteal of lymphatic system —– transported throughout the body

Question 19

What are monosaccharides and amino acids and short-chain fatty acids

Answer 19

Enter fenestrated capillaries of circulatory system

Question 20

What does the circulation of nutrients in blood comprise?

Answer 20

Capillaries in stomach, small intestine, and large intesting
empty blood into hepatic portal vein

Question 21

What happens in the liver during the circulation of nutrients in the blood?

Answer 21

1. receives some nutrients from blood in sinusoid capillaries
2. remaining nutrients continue to heart

Question 22

What is the pathway of blood in the heart from the liver?

Answer 22

1. de-oxygenated blood enters the heart from the right atrium (A)
2. right atrium contracts - blood enters right ventricle (B)
3. right ventricle contracts – blood is sent to capillaries and lungs; picks up oxygen (Hb-hemoglobin)
4. oxygenated blood enters left atrium (C)
5. left atrium contracts – blood enters left ventricle (D)
6. left ventricle contracts – blood enters aorta (E) moves through body

Question 23

What should you remember about the pathway of blood to the heart from the liver?

Answer 23

blood always enters an atrium first (when entering the heart)

Question 24

What are the two steps of the coordinated heartbeat?

Answer 24

1. Signal initiated in SA node in right atrium

2. Signal reaches AV node

Question 25

What does the signal initiated in SA node in right atrium entail?

Answer 25

-SA node in right atrium receives electrical signal from nervous system
-allows both atria to contract
both atriak depolarize (membrane potential becomes positive)
causes contraction (systole) of both atria

Question 26

What does the signal reaching the AV node entail?

Answer 26

-AV node sends electrical signal to ventricles
-allow both ventricles to contract
both ventricles depolarize
causes contraction (systole) of both ventricles

Question 27

What does systole mean?

Answer 27

Systole means contraction

in blood pressure measurements, it is the top number 120/80

Question 28

What does diastole mean?

Answer 28

Diastole means relaxation

in blood pressure measurements it is the lower number 120/80

Question 29

What does the delivery of nutrients and oxygen entail?

Answer 29

Movement of blood through capillaries
very slow – maximizes time for substance exchange

Higher pressure near aterial end – allows things to exit
Lower pressure near venule end – allows things to enter