Unit 4 - Topic 1 - Structure of Organic Compounds Flashcards
Define hydrocarbons
Organic compound molecules made of C and H atoms only
Contrast between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Saturated: Molecule only has single bonds, ie. the most H it can take
Unsatured: Contains 1 or more double or triple bonds
What is a functional group?
When a hydrocarbon chain is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms - they determine physical and chemical properties of the compound
State the naming convention & general formula for alkanes
Ends in “ane”
Cn H2n + 2
State the naming convention & general formula for alkenes
Ends in “ene”
Cn H2n
State the naming convention & general formula for alkynes
Ends in “yne”
Cn H2n - 2
Give basic definition for structural isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What does R stand for in functional groups?
Represents a carbon chain
Give the functional group and naming convention for alcohols (is it numbered?)
OH group connected to carbon chain
R - OH
Ending replaced with “ol” (number if needed)
Give the functional group and naming convention for aldehydes (is it numbered?)
Carbonyl group (C=O) attached to hydrogen at END of carbon chain
O
||
R - C - H
Ending replaced with “al”
(never numbered)
Give the functional group and naming convention for ketones (is it numbered?)
Carbonyl group in middle/within chain
O
||
R- C - R’
Ends with “one”
(numbered)
Give the functional group and naming convention for haloalkanes (is it numbered?)
Hydrogen atom replaced by halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)
H
|
R - C - X
|
H
Ends with “ane”
(numbered)
Give the functional group and naming convention for esters (is it numbered?)
Carbonyl group (C=O) is attached to oxygen that’s linked to another carbon chain
O
||
R - C - O - R’
Alkyl group bonded to -O- is named first as “yl”, O=C ending in “oate”
(not numbered)
Give the functional group and naming convention for nitriles (is it numbered?)
Nitrile functional group (C≡N) attached at end of carbon chain R - C ≡ N (with 2 non-bonding electrons on N atom)
Ends with “-nitrile”
(not numbered)
Give the functional group and naming convention for amines (is it numbered?)
Contains an amino functional group (C - NH2)
R - NH2 (with 2 non-bonding electrons on nitrogen atom)
Ends with “-amine”
(numbered)
Give the functional group and naming convention for amides (is it numbered?)
Contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O) attached to amino functional group (NH2)
O
||
R - C - NH2
Ends with “amide”
(Not numbered - it is always on end of hydrocarbon chain - made from carboxylic acid)
Give the functional group and naming convention for carboxylic acid (is it numbered?)
Contains carboxyl group (COOH)
O
||
R - C - OH
Ending in “oic acid”
(not numbered)
Define “isomers” and state the two types
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure
- Structural isomers
- Stereoisomers
Define what a structural isomer is
A structural isomer of a compound is a molecule with the same molecular formula (number of atoms), but different structural arrangement of atoms
Do structural isomers have different properties?
They can have very different chemical and physical properties
What are the types of structural isomers? Explain them.
- Chain isomers - different chain lengths and side groups (branching)
- Positional isomers - functional group is at different position on the parent chain (parent chain remains same)
Define what a stereoisomer is, types of stereoisomer, and when they can occur.
Isomers in which the atoms in two molecules are connected in the same order but different arrangements in space.
1. Geometric isomers
2. Optical isomers (irrelevant for this unit)
Only occur when each carbon atom in the double bond is attached to the two different groups (e.g H atoms, functional groups, HC chains of diff lengths)
Do stereoisomers have different properties?
They possess similar physical and chemical properties
What are the types of geometric isomers? Explain them.
- Cis-isomers - the functional groups or hydrocarbon chains are on the same side
