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AP Biology > Unit 4 Test - Cell Communication > Flashcards

Unit 4 Test - Cell Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

autocrine

A

cells that send signals to themselves
-ex. cancer cells

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2
Q

paracrine

A

cells that send signals to nearby cells
-ex. blood clots

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3
Q

juxtacrine (direct)

A

signal hunger that sends signals to attached cells through tunnels in membrane

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4
Q

endocrine

A

uses hormones to send signals long distances through plant/animal hormones in the blood stream

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5
Q

hydrophilic signal molecules

A
  1. cant pass through membrane
  2. external receptor
  3. g-protein ligand
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6
Q

hydrophobic signal molecules

A
  1. can pass through the membrane if steroid molecule
  2. internal receptor
  3. water repelling
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7
Q

steps of signal transductions

A
  1. recpetion
  2. transduction
  3. response
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8
Q

reception

A

chemicals bind together to receptor to change shape

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9
Q

ligand

A

molecules that connect to receptors

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10
Q

G-protein

A

activate molecules in a cells

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11
Q

g-protein reception

A

moves across membrane and interacts with other proteins

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12
Q

tyrosine kinase

A

cell signal, growth, and division

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13
Q

tyrosine kinase reception

A

activated tyrosine will activate relay parts (transduction)

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14
Q

ion channels

A

regulate ions across cell membranes

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15
Q

transduction

A

series of reactions as result of reception

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16
Q

examples of secondary messengers

A

1.Ca Ion - keep Ca ion low
2. cAMP - Cen function regulator

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17
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A

one enzyme phosphorylates to another

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18
Q

protein kinase

A

changes proteins by phosphates, phosphates off switch

19
Q

amplification

A

activates signal receptors

20
Q

response

A

reulation of activites
2. signals sent

21
Q

ex. of response

A

gene expression, change in protein activations, cell sample size, cell growth and division

22
Q

epinephrine

A
  • G- protein
  • starts fight or flight
23
Q

why do different cells in the body have different reactions to epinephrine?

A

different ells have different receptors that bind to epinephrine which cause the different response

24
Q

examples of failure

A
  1. cholera - makes g-protein permanent active
  2. diabetes - disrupts insulin signaling, decrease in production of insulin
25
Q

positive feedback

A
  • strengthens
    -ex. childbirth (release of oxytocin)
26
Q

negative feedback

A

-response reverses change
-ex. body temp (shivering when cold)

27
Q

haploid

A
  • 1 set of chromosomes
  • meiosis
    -gametes (n)
28
Q

diploid

A
  • 2 sets of chromosomes
    -somatic cells
  • mitosis (2n)
29
Q

stages of interphase

A
  1. G1 (cell size, growth)
  2. S (DNA synthesis)
  3. G2 (prep for cel division)
30
Q

stages of mitosis (PPMAT)

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
31
Q

cytokinesis in animal cell

A

cleavage furrows

32
Q

cytokinesis in plant cell

A

cel plate

33
Q

prokaryotic cells during cell division

A
  1. no nucleus
  2. binary fission
  3. 1 chromosome
34
Q

eukaryotic cells during cell division

A
  1. nucleus
  2. mitosis
  3. many chromosomes
35
Q

cell cycle control

A
  • only divide when needed
    -internal and external controls
36
Q

check points

A

-G1
-G2
-M

37
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

most important
-repliate DNA

38
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

DNA damage

39
Q

M Checkpoint

A

spindle

40
Q

chyclin/CDK

A

regulating proteins

41
Q

cancer

A

neoplasm of proliferating cells

42
Q

tumor suppressing gene

A

p53
-increases in cells exposed to UV light

43
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell eath

44
Q

evolutionary signifigance of apoptosis

A

need to for development, destory cells that are a threat

AP Biology (2 decks)

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