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AP Biology > Unit 2 test > Flashcards

Unit 2 test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four levels of protein structure

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quarternary
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2
Q

primary level of protein structure

A

-linear order of amino acids
- held together by covalent (peptide) bonds

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3
Q

secondary level of protein structure

A

-coils (alpha helix) folds (beta pleutal sheets)
-carboxyl group of one amino acid will attract to amino group of another amino acid
-held together by hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

tertiary level of protein structure

A
  • the R groups of different amino acids interact
    -the bonds are
    1. hydrophobic interactions
    2. sulfide bridges (cysteine’s conved)
    3. ionic bonds (opposite charges attract)
    4. hydrogen bonds
    -protein forms its 3D shape
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5
Q

quarternary level of protein structure

A

-overall 3D structure of a protein
-2 or more polypeptides connect to form the overall structure

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6
Q

why is water polar?

A

unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bonds gives oxygen a negative charge and hydrogen a positive charge

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7
Q

Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

A

rough ER has ribosomes where proteins can be synthesized whereas smooth ER does not

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8
Q

Rough ER

A
  • has ribosomes attached to membrane
    -compartmentalizes the cell
    -associated with packaging the newly synthesized proteins made by the attached ribosomes for possible export from the cell
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9
Q

Smooth ER

A

-does not have ribosomes
-functions include detoxification and lipid synthesis
-structural differences lead to functional differences

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10
Q

organelles in prokaryotes

A

-nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

organelles in eukaryotes

A

-nucleus
-has membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

reproduction in prokaryotes

A

binary fission

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13
Q

reproduction in eukaryotes

A

mitosis and meiosis

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14
Q

average size of prokaryotes

A

-smaller (1-5 upm )

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15
Q

average size of eukaryotes

A

larger (10-100 upm)

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16
Q

DNA in prokaryotes

A

-circular
-single chromosome

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17
Q

DNA in eukaryotes

A

-linear
-paired chromosomes

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18
Q

endomembrane system

A

purpose is to produce proteins that are exported from the cell

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19
Q

step to synthesize proteins

A
  1. proteins synthesize in rough ER’s ribosomes
  2. a vacuole will transport proteins to the golgi apparatus
  3. golgi processes and packages proteins for export
  4. vacuole will leave the golgi with the proteins and head to the cell membrane for exocytosis
20
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

-framework of cell membranes
-structured as a mosaic of a protein molecule in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
-most lipids and some proteins can shift and flow along the surface of the membrane or across the bilayer

21
Q

composition of phospholipids

A

-amphipathic (Hydrophobic fatty acid tails ) and (Hydrophillic phosphate heads)

22
Q

phospholipids in aqueous environment

A

-spontaneously form a bi-layer
-tails are located inside the bilayer
-heads are exposed to the aqueous outside and aqueous inside environment

23
Q

membranes proteins functions (6)

A
  1. transport
  2. cell-cell recognition
  3. enzymatic activity
  4. signal transduction
  5. intercellular joining
  6. attachement for extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton
24
Q

cholesterol

A

-type of steroid
-randomly distributed and wedged between phospholipids in the cell membrance of eukaryotic cells
-regulates bilayer fluidity under different environmental conditions

25
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

-small non polar molecules can pass freely (N2, O2, CO2)
-hydrophilic substances such as large polar molecules can not move freely across the membrance
-small polar molecules, like H2O, can pass directly through the membrane in minimal amounts

26
Q

how do hydrophilic substacnes move across the membrane

A

-the use of transport proteins
-channel and carrier proteins

27
Q

channel proteins

A

hydrophilic tunnel spanning the membrane that allow specific target molecules to pass through

28
Q

carrier proteins

A

spans the membrane and change shape to move a target molecule from one side of the membrane to the other

29
Q

passive transport

A

the net movement of molecules from high to low concentration without metabolic energy (ATP)
-role in gas exchange and waste removal

30
Q

examples of passive transport

A
  1. diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
  4. ion channels
31
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

32
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration through transport proteins

33
Q

active transport

A

requires direct input of energy (ATP) to move molecules from regions of high to low concentration

34
Q

examples of active transport

A
  1. sodium potassium pump
  2. proton pump
  3. endocytosis
  4. exocytosis
35
Q

endocytosis

A

requires energy to move large molecules INTO the cell

36
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell takes in large particles

37
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell take in extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances

38
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

receptor proteins on the cell membrane are used to capture specific target molecules

39
Q

exocytosis

A

requires energy to move large molecules OUT of the cell

40
Q

acquaporon

A

water channel ONLY
(type of transport protein)

41
Q

GLUT

A

-glucose out of blood - insulin
(type of transport protein)

42
Q

ion channels

A

-allows ions to flow from high to low
(type of transport protein)

43
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

-ONLY/ maintains levels of sodium and removes phosphate from ATP

44
Q

tonicity

A

measurement of relative concentration of solute between two solutions

45
Q

osmoregulation

A

total solute concentration in a solution / maintains water balance and allows control of internal solute

46
Q

turgid pressure

A

optimum state for plant cells

47
Q

lysosomes

A

minimizes competing interactions (acidic)

AP Biology (2 decks)

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