Unit 4 test Flashcards
What is Gigantism?
Gigantism results from hypersecretion of hGH,
What is Acromegaly?
Acromegaly is when hGH hypersecretion occurs in adulthood; acromegaly is a chronic, disfiguring, life-shortening disease characterized by the overgrowth of bones and soft tissues and cardiac dysfunction
What are the s/s of Gigantism?
Excessive growth of the long bones of the body; develops abruptly and results in an abnormal increase in height.
What are the signs and symptoms of Acromegaly?
Acromegaly symptoms appear gradually causing deformation and coarsening of the facial features and enlargement of the hands, feet, head, and tongue; increased sweating, thick coarse oily skin, chronic sinus congestion; headaches, weakness, joint pain, vision disorders, paresthesia (numbness)
What is the treatment for Acromegaly and Gigantism?
Goals involve lowering hGH levels to normal and stabilizing or removing the underlying tumor and minimizing damage to the pituitary gland; transsphenoidal surgery may be performed, radiation therapy
What is the prevention for hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly/Gigantism)?
None
What is Hypopituitarism?
Endocrine deficiency in which any of the hormones produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland are secreted at inefficient levels or are absent.
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypopituitarism?
Develop over a period of time, may be vague and easily overlooked; depends on the age and sex; children-dwarfism; gonadotropin deficiency, fatigue, anorexia, weight gain or loss, loss of skin pigmentation, low tolerance of cold, muscle weakness, stiff joints, poor response to stress
What is the treatment of hypopituitarism?
hormone replacement therapy
What is the prevention for hypopituitarism?
none
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Occurs when the kidneys are unable to conserve water, decreased vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone, ADH) allows filtered water to be excreted
What are signs and symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?
Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration-dry skin, weakness, fever, mental confusion, prostration
What is the treatment for Diabetes Insipidus?
Treat the underlying cause if possible; fluid intake, hormone replacement therapy, vasopressin medications
What is the prevention for Diabetes Insipidus?
none
What is a simple goiter?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland; simple goiter: any thyroid enlargement not caused by an infection or neoplasm and doesn’t result from another hypothyroid or hyperthyroid disorder; endemic or colloid goiter: result of insufficient dietary intake of iodine; sporadic/nontoxic goiter: follows ingestion of certain foods
What are the signs and symptoms of a Simple Goiter?
Simple: may appear as a small nodule or can be quite massive presenting a conspicuous swollen mass at the front of the neck just above the sternum
What are the treatments for a Simple Goiter?
Goal is to reduce the size of the goiter. Dietary supplements of iodine or T3 and T4 hormone replacement therapy, avoidance of known giotrogenic foods and drugs (sporadic goiter)
What is the prevention for a Simple Goiter?
Adequate Dietary Intake of Iodine
What is Graves Disease?
Condition caused by the OVERSECRETION OF HORMONES BY THE THYROID GLAND; most common form of hyperthyroidism, occurs more frequently in women than in men.
OVERSECRETION OF T3 AND T4 INFLUENCE THE METABOLISM OF CELLS THROUGHOUT THE BODY.
What are the signs and symptoms of Graves Disease?
Goiter, nervousness, anxiety, loss of sleep, excessive perspiration, heat intolerance, wasting of muscle and decalcification of the skeleton, exophthalmos-protruding eyeballs that give the affected individual a “frightened” appearance. Inflammation of muscles surrounding eyes, appearance of thickened patches of skin usually on the feet or legs giving an “orange skin” texture and uneven pigmentation; thyrotoxicosis- cardiac manifestations-tachycardia, arrhythmias, heart murmurs, cardiomegaly
What are the treatments for Graves Disease?
Depends on the affected individual’s age and severity of the case; ANTITHYROID AGENTS, altering the structure of the thyroid gland, administration of iodide compounds, beta blockers
What is the prognosis of Graves Disease?
Varies. A fatal complication of Graves disease is thyroid storm-severe episode of thyrotoxicosis that may occur if the disease is left untreated
What is hypothyroidism?
Undersecretion of hormones by the thyroid gland. Insufficient quantity of thyroid tissue or loss of functional thyroid tissue
What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Neonates: constipation and feeding problems, may sleep too much and have a hoarse cry, brain and skeleton fail to develop properly without treatment; children: retarded growth, delayed emergence of secondary sexual characteristics, impaired intelligence, one of more of the adult symptoms; adulthood: FATIGUE, CONSTIPATION, INTOLERANCE TO COLD, MUSCLE CRAMPS, EXCESSIVE SLEEPINESS, mental clouding, diminished appetite, WEIGHT GAIN, SKIN may become DRY and HAIR AND NAILS MAY BECOME BRITTLE.
What are the diagnostic procedures of hypothyroidism?
Radioimmunoassay shows depressed levels of T3 and T4. TSH high
What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?
Lifelong Hormone Replacement therapy
What is the prevention of hypothyroidism?
Only hypothyroidism due to dietary iodine deficiency, radiation, or surgical removal of the thyroid and drug-induced forms are preventable
What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Most common cause of hypothyroidism is
Inflammation of the thyroid gland; also known as autoimmune thyroiditis more common in women than men. Autoimmune thyroiditis is due to antibodies to thyroid antigens in the blood; Hashimoto thyroiditis-when inflammation causes lymphocytic infiltration
What are the signs and symptoms of Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Moderate thyroid enlargement accompanied by pain and tenderness, dysphagia, often subtle symptoms that mimic other disorders; fatigue, excessive sleepiness, depression, cold intolerance, dry skin and hair.
What are the diagnostic procedures for Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Blood testing will reveal T3, T4 hormone levels low, TSH high.
What is the treatment for Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Lifelong Hormone Replacement Therapy for hypothyroidism, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs.
What is the prevention for Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
None
What is Thyroid Cancer?
4 types: PAPILLARY-80% of cases in ages 30-50, slow growing; FOLLICULAR- 10% of cases in those over 50, more likely to spread to lungs or bones; MEDULLARY- mostly sporadic; ANAPLASTIC-very aggressive usually in those over age 60.
What are the signs and symptoms of Thyroid Cancer?
Increasing hoarseness or voice changes, difficulty swallowing, lump felt in the neck
What are the diagnostic procedures for Thyroid Cancer?
Complete physical examination including palpation of the neck to check for lumps or nodules and lymph node swelling.
Ultrasound, biopsy.
What is the treatment for Thyroid Cancer?
Depends on type and stage of cancer; surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, external radiation.
What is hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia)?
Disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism caused by EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF PTH by the parathyroid glands.
Primary: adenoma on one of the parathyroid glands
What are the signs/symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
Gradual onset, WEAK, BRITTLE BONES, JOINT PAIN, KIDNEY STONES, POLYURIA, CNS disturbances- DEPRESSION or FORGETFULNESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, LOSS OF APPETITE, MUSCLE WEAKNESS/ATROPHY, CHRONIC FATIGUE, cardiac disturbances.
What are the diagnostic procedures for Hyperparathyroidism?
Radioimmunoassay reveals elevated concentrations of serum PTH.
What is the treatment for Hyperparathyroidism?
Varies with etiology. Primary: goal is to reduce the level of circulating calcium. Surgically removing neoplastic glands; secondary: treat underlying cause.
What is the prevention for Hyperparathyroidism?
none
What is Hypoparathyroidism?
The UNDERSECRETION of PTH by the parathyroid glands. Caused by Hereditary disorders, deliberate or inadvertent REMOVAL OF PARATHYROID TISSUE DURING SURGERY.
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia)?
TETANY, PARESTHESIA of the extremities, NEUROMUSCULAR IRRITABILITY, MUSCULAR CRAMPS, ANXIETY, MEMORY PROBLEMS, DEPRESSION; WOMEN- DYSMENORRHEA, BRITTLE FINGERNAILS, HAIR LOSS.
How is Hypoparathyroidism diagnosed?
Radioimmunoassay revealing decreased PTH and serum calcium levels.
What is the treatment for Hypoparathyroidism?
Lifelong vitamin D and calcium supplementation, diet high in calcium.
What is the prevention for hypoparathyroidism?
None
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
HYPERSECRETION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX of the adrenal glands RESULTING IN THE EXCESS PRODUCTION OF CORTISOL. Bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal glands due to ELEVATED SERUM LEVELS OF ACTH; benign or malignant NEOPLASMS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX. LONGTERM ADMINISTRATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS.
What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?
Round, “MOON-SHAPED” FACE, “BUFFALO” HUMP on upper back, PURPLE STRIAE or stretch marks on the face, impaired glucose tolerance that can lead to DIABETES, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, FRAGILE SKIN, EMOTIONAL CHANGES, HYPERTENSION, increased susceptibility to infection; MENSTRUAL CYCLE MAY BE IRREGULAR/ABSENT in women, men may have erectile dysfunction
How is Cushing’s Syndrome diagnosed?
Primary care provider performs a complete PHYSICAL EXAMINATION and will likely know if long-term corticosteroids have been administered for some other disorder or disease; 24-HOUR URINE TEST, MRI, CT SCAN
How is Cushing’s Syndrome treated?
GOAL IS TO RESTORE THE CONCENTRATION OF SERUM CORTISOL TO NORMAL LEVELS; SURGERY, drug therapy, radiation, adrenalectomy
What is the prevention for Cushing’s Syndrome?
Iatrogenic forms are preventable, individuals receiving glucocorticoid steroids or ACTH preparations should be carefully monitored.
What is Addison Disease?
When the adrenal glands produce INSUFFICENT AMOUNTS OF CORTISOL and androgen. AUTOIMMUNE; infections or bleeding of the adrenal glands, CANCER THAT HAS METASTASIZED TO THE ADRENAL GLAND, tuberculosis.
What are the signs/symptoms of Addison Disease?
MUSCLE WEAKNESS, PAIN, WEIGHT LOSS, HYPOGLYCEMIA, CRAVING FOR SALT, HYPOTENSION, nausea, vomiting, hyperkalemia
How do you treat Addison Disease?
Hormone Replacement Therapy
How do you prevent Addison Disease?
None
What is PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome?
NUMEROUS CYSTS IN THE OVARIES that cause irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, and obesity
Affects 1 in 10 Females. Leading cause of infertility.
What are the signs and symptoms of PCOS?
AMENORRHEA, ENLARGED POLYCYSTIC OVARIES, OBESITY, INFERTILITY, prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, HIRSUTISM, ACNE, OR ALOPECIA, HYPERTENSION/elevated blood cholesterol, sleep apnea
What are the diagnostic procedures of PCOS?
Complete physical examination, including PELVIC EXAMINATION, blood tests, ULTRASOUNDS.
What are the treatments for PCOS?
MEDICATIONS TO REGULATE THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, long-term treatment considers methods to reduce the risk of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, exercise and diet.
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Description
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
Type 1
Destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas=little to no insulin production
Type 2
Insulin resistance and/or decreased insulin production
Etiology
Type 1
Commonly immune-mediated (commonly found in children)
Type 2
Poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity (common found in adults > 40 yo)
What are the signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
Type 1
Polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria, polyphagia, weight loss. Vision loss, loss of sensation in extremities, reproductive complications.
Symptoms often severe and sudden
Type 2
Depends on severity. May have similar symptoms or may be asymptomatic.
What are the treatments for Diabetes mellitus?
Type 1
Diet modification, insulin
Type 2
Diet modification, exercise, wt loss. May require oral medications to lower glucose levels or insulin.
What is a cerebral concussion?
Temporary loss of consciousness lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes followed by a short period of amnesia
What are the signs/symptoms of a cerebral concussion?
Temporary loss of consciousness with shallow respirations, depressed pulse rate and flaccid tone; amnesia, bradycardia, faintness, pallor, hypotension, photophobia
What is the treatment for a cerebral concussion?
Quiet bed rest; mild analgesics; gradual return to daily activities
How can a cerebral concussion be prevented?
Follow work and play safety measures, use head protection when playing sports and riding bikes, skiing and skating, hard hats should be worn in construction areas.
What is a Subdural Hematoma (acute)?
After a severe blow to the head blood collects between the dura mater and second membrane covering the brain (arachnoid membrane)
What are the signs and symptoms of a Subdural Hematoma?
Difficulty walking, headache, confusion, confused or slurred speech, visual problems, initial loss of consciousness; paralysis of half of the body, severe headache and dilated pupils
What is the treatment for a Subdural Hematoma?
Medical Emergency. Craniotomy (incision into the cranium to aspirate accumulated blood and control further bleeding) ; surgery; medications to reduce swelling and control seizures.
How can a subdural Hematoma be prevented?
Minimize risk of head trauma; restrain children in car seats, helmets should be worn when playing contact sports, riding bikes, skiing and skating.
What is Abusive Head Trauma? (SBS)
When a child is vigorously shaken by the arms, legs, chest, or shoulders that results in subdural hematoma.
What are the signs and symptoms of SBS?
Difficulty feeding, vomiting, listlessness, lethargy, apnea, seizures or convulsions, irritability, dilated pupils that don’t respond to light.
What is the treatment for SBS?
Can be a medical emergency; immediate treatment is important to prevent further damage
What is Paraplegia and Quadriplegia?
Spinal cord injuries characterized by the degree of motor and sensory disability they occasion; Paraplegia: paralysis of the trunk and lower extremities; Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk
What are the signs and symptoms of paraplegia and Quadriplegia?
Loss of motor and sensory functions in legs and trunk (paraplegia) ; quadriplegia: symptoms of paraplegia plus total or partial loss of motor and sensory functions in the upper limbs and trunk
What is the treatment for Paraplegia and Quadriplegia?
Immediate treatment is important; treatment includes 1. restoration of spinal alignment 2. stabilization of injured spinal area 3. decompression of neurological structures 4. early rehabilitation to minimize long-term paralysis.
What is the prevention for Paraplegia and Quadriplegia?
Teach the client to follow safety measures that minimize the risk of spinal cord injury.
What is Acute Bacterial Meningitis?
Inflammation of the three-layer membrane called the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cords
What are the signs and symptoms of Acute Bacterial Meningitis?
Sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting, fever and seizures; nuchal rigidity; feeding difficulties, irritability, high-pitched crying, seizures
How can Acute Bacterial Meningitis be treated?
Bacterial: hospitalization and an aggressive, sustained course of antibiotic therapy , corticosteroids given at first antibiotic dose; isolation, good nutrition and adequate fluid intake.
What is the prevention of Acute Bacterial Meningitis?
None; careful handling of excretions and proper hand-washing techniques help prevent the spread of the infection; vaccinations are available
What is Peripheral Neuropathy?
Degeneration of the nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord.
What are the signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy?
Depend on nerves affected; tingling, prickling, burning, or freezing with extreme sensitivity to touch; slow onset; physical wasting, loss of reflexes, clumsiness
What are the treatments for Peripheral Neuropathy?
Toxins must be neutralized, infections and metabolic diseases treated, and nutritional deficiencies corrected; analgesics, bed rest, physical and occupational therapy
How can Peripheral Neuropathy be prevented?
Prompt Treatment of nutritional deficiencies, infections and metabolic diseases
What is Bell Palsy?
Disorder of the seventh cranial facial nerve causing paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face
What are the signs and symptoms of bell palsy?
Facial weakness and drooping mouth with drooling saliva; sense of taste may be disrupted; pain in the jaw ear and headache may precede or accompany paralysis; Bell phenomenon (eye can’t close)
What is the treatment for bell palsy?
Antiviral medications and anti-inflammatory drugs; affected portion of the face must be protected from trauma, wind, or temperature extremes; electrical stimulation, massage, warm moist heat, analgesia, corticosteroids
How can Bell Palsy be prevented?
It can’t. No prevention.
What is a Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke or heart attack)?
Clinical syndrome marked by sudden impairment of consciousness and subsequent paralysis; caused by occlusion or hemorrhaging of blood vessels supplying a portion of the brain
What are the signs and symptoms of a Cerebrovascular Accident?
Reflect portion of the brain involved; caused by embolus or hemorrhage: sudden onset, thrombus: gradual. Impaired consciousness, full and slow pulse, hemiparesis, Cheyne-Stokes respiration (period of apneas for 10 to 60 seconds); speech impairment, numbness, sensory disturbances, double vision, poor coordination, confusion, severe headache, dizziness
What is the treatment for a Cerebrovascular Accident?
Medical Emergency. Depends on severity and if it was hemorrhagic or ischemic. Goal of treatment: salvage damaged brain tissue and minimize permanent disability. Drug therapy, anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents, surgery. Physical rehabilitation
How can a cerebrovascular accident be prevented?
Prompt treatment of cardiac and circulatory problems; encourage clients to seek methods to lower hypertension, stop smoking, improve dietary habits, control weight.
WHat is a Transient Ischemic Attack?
Temporary, often recurrent episodes of impaired neurological activity resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of the brain.
What are the signs and symptoms of a TIA?
Sudden onset of muscle weakness in arm, leg or foot, diplopia, speech deficits, dizziness, staggering or uncoordinated gait.
What is the treatment for a TIA?
Prompt treatment. Antiplatelet agents, aspirin, anticoagulant drugs, surgery to promote blood flow.
What is the prevention for TIA?
Seek methods to lower hypertension, stop smoking, improve dietary habits, control weight
What is Epilepsy?
Common and diverse set of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurring attacks of abnormal sensory, motor, psychological activity
WHat are the s/s of epilepsy?
Absence (petit mal): brief (<20 sec) impaired conscious (blank stare), missed words in conversation, starts in childhood.
Tonic-clonic (grand mal): Tonic phase: sudden loss of consciousness, rigid, falls to ground, respiration may be arrested. Clonic phase: Jerking of musculature, sluggish postictal period.
May experience a warning or “aura” of impending seizure; simple uncontrollable twitch of the finger hand or mouth; sudden loss of consciousness and intense rigidity of the body, with alternating relaxation and contraction of muscles
What is the treatment for epilepsy?
Anticonvulsant drugs, neurosurgery, education about the nature of the disease and counseling
What is the prevention for Epilepsy?
Only certain forms are preventable; preventive measures involve avoiding head injuries seeking prompt treatment of brain infections and avoiding the abuse of drugs and alcohol.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Progressive, chronic, ultimately fatal organic brain syndrome characterized by the death of neurons in the cerebral cortex
WHat are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer Disease?
Early stages: small difficulties at work or social settings, depression; loss of short-term memory, inability to learn new tasks, subtle changes in personality, restlessness, forgetfulness, agitation, irritability, emotionally detached
What is the treatment for Alzheimer Disease?
No Cure; 2 types of medication: 1. cholinesterase inhibitors (prevent breakdown of acetylcholine and support communication between neurons) 2. memantine regulates activity of glutamate(involved in learning and memory)
What is the prevention for Alzheimer Disease?
None. Those at risk advised to frequently perform activities that require focus and concentration.
WHat is Parkinson’s Disease?
Result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain; the cause of this cell death is unknown.
Chronic brain disease characterized by progressive muscle rigidity and involuntary tremors
What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson Disease?
Slow and insidious; bradykinesia (abnormally slow movement); progressively rigid extremities; pill-rolling tremors beginning in the fingers; difficulty with balance, shuffling walk, muffled speech
What is the treatment for Parkinson Disease?
Progression can’t be controlled; goals: control the symptoms and promote independence; Levodopa is most effective; anticholinergics help control tremors, physical therapy and psychological support; deep brain stimulation is the surgery most often used.
What is the prevention for Parkinson Disease?
None
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Chronic autoimmune progressive and irreversible disease characterized by the destruction of the lipid and protein layer, the myelin sheath, that insulates and protects the axons of certain nerve cells
What are the signs and symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
Sudden and transient motor and sensory disturbances, impaired or total loss of vision, muscle weakness, paralysis, incontinence, fatigue, balance problems, numbness, mood swings
Look for initial symptoms, remission of symptoms, and later relapses without pattern.
What is the treatment for Multiple Sclerosis?
Early treatment is essential; medications to reduce the number of exacerbations of the disease and slow progressions of physical disability
Symptomatic treatment includes medical , rehabilitative, and psychological approaches.
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
Disease of motor neurons that results in progressive muscular atrophy and weakness?
WHat are the signs and symptoms of ALS?
Involuntary muscle contractions and muscular atrophy, weakness, twitching, problems with speech, chewing, swallowing, and breathing; paralysis
What is the treatment for ALS?
No effective treatment; Symptomatic- emotional and physical support. One drug riluzole (Rilutek), a antiglutamate drug, has been shown to slow the progression of symptoms.
What are tumors of the brain?
Primary tumors: benign or malignant neoplasms originating within the brain; Secondary tumors: result of metastasis of neoplasms elsewhere in the body
What are the signs and symptoms of tumors of the brain?
Slow, vague onset; location partially dictates symptoms. Headache, vomiting, defective memory, mood changes, seizures, visual disturbances, motor impairment, personality changes
What is the treatment for tumors of the brain?
Dependent on the stage and type; surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy, medications for seizures, edema and headache
