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Chemistry I > Unit 4 Test > Flashcards

Unit 4 Test Flashcards

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0
Q

describe groups

A
  • columns
  • tell # val. e-
  • 18 of them
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1
Q

describe periods

A
  • rows
  • 7 of them
  • Principal QNs
  • relates to energy levels (tells # of them & energy for val. e-)
  • length varies (related to sublevels)
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2
Q

what are group 1 elements called?

A

alkali metals

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3
Q

what are group 2 elements called?

A

alkaline earth metals

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4
Q

what are group 17 elements called?

A

halogens

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5
Q

what are group 18 elements called?

A

noble gases

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6
Q

what are groups 3-12 called?

A

Transition Elements

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7
Q

what affects the amount of control?

A

distance from nucleus

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8
Q

if an e- is closer to nucleus…

A

more control over e-

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9
Q

if an e- is farther from nucleus…

A

not as much control over e-

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10
Q

what is the PT?

A

an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic #s so that elements w/ similar prop. fall in the same column/group

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11
Q

what is the periodicity of periods?

A

nuclear control becomes greater from left to right

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12
Q

why is there an increase in nuclear control L to R across a period?

A

more p+ in nucleus (e- remain insignificant), so more control

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13
Q

what is the periodicity of groups?

A

nuclear control = greater at the top of group

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14
Q

why is there greater nuclear control at the top of a group?

A

closer to nucleus in lower energy levels

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15
Q

what did Berzelius do?

A

developed system of chem. symbols to represent elements [using some rather interesting symbols]

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16
Q

what language did Berzelius use for his system of chem. symbols?

A

used LATIN name

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17
Q

what was part of Berzelius’s original system?

A

used 1 letter for nonmetals & 2 letters for metals

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18
Q

is Berzelius’s # letters naming system still in place?

A

no, now elements are usually named after people/places

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19
Q

what did Cannizzaro do?

A

developed method to accurately determine the atomic mass of elements

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20
Q

when were Berzelius & Cannizzaro doing their stuff?

A

1800s

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21
Q

what did Mendeleev do?

A

published 1st PT in 1869

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22
Q

when Mendeleev published the 1st PT, was any part of the atom discovered yet & what part?

A

have not found any part of atom yet

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23
Q

how did Mendeleev organize his PT?

A

put elements into table by increasing ATOMIC MASS

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24
Q

did Mendeleev’s PT line up & work correctly?

A

no

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25
Q

what did Moseley do?

A

determined each element has a unique & diff. amount of p+ in its nucleus

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26
Q

what did Moseley identify for elements?

A

identified the atomic # (# of p+) for elements

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27
Q

what did Moseley develop?

A

the modern PT

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28
Q

how did Moseley arrange elements?

A

by increasing ATOMIC # (# p+)

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29
Q

what does “periodic” mean?

A

repeating

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30
Q

define periodic law

A

the phys. & chem. prop. of the elements are period functions of their atomic #s

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31
Q

what is the SAME in a group?

A

SAME # val. e-

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32
Q

what is SIMILAR in a group?

A

SIMILAR chem. & phys. prop.

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33
Q

what are the 4 blocks?

A

s, p, d, f

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34
Q

what are the 4 blocks actually?

A

angular momentum QN (sublevels for valence e-)

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35
Q

on a PT, what block is on the very left?

A

s

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36
Q

on a PT, what block is in the middle?

A

d

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37
Q

in a PT, what block is on the very right?

A

p

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38
Q

in a PT, what block is on the bottom?

A

f

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39
Q

what are the s block groups?

A

groups 1 & 2

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40
Q

what are the d block groups?

A

3-12

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41
Q

what are the p block groups?

A

13-18

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42
Q

what are the f block elements?

A

lanthanide & actinide series

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43
Q

what block is He in?

A

s block

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44
Q

what are the components of val. e- configuration?

A
  1. energy level (Principal QN - period)
  2. sublevel (angular momentum QN - block)
  3. # val. e- –> group (superscript in config.)
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45
Q

what is the other name for val. e-?

A

outer electron

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46
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 1?

A

ns¹

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47
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 2?

A

ns²

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48
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 3?

A

ns²(n-1)d¹

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49
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 4?

A

ns²(n-1)d²

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50
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 5?

A

ns²(n-1)d³

51
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 6?

A

EXCEPTION: ns¹(n-1)d^5

52
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 7?

A

ns²(n-1)d^5

53
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 8?

A

ns²(n-1)d^6

54
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 9?

A

ns²(n-1)d^7

55
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 10?

A

ns²(n-1)d^8

56
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 11?

A

ns¹(n-1)d^10

57
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 12?

A

ns²(n-1)d^10

58
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 13?

A

ns²np¹

59
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 14?

A

ns²np²

60
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 15?

A

ns²np³

61
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 16?

A

ns²np^4

62
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 17?

A

ns²np^5

63
Q

what is the val. e- config. for group 18?

A

ns²np^6

64
Q

what is the correlation between transition elements & their # of val. e-?

A

group # is same as # val. e-

65
Q

what is the f block val. e- config.?

A

ns²(n-2)f^#

66
Q

what do groups tell us?

A

the block the element is in & the # val. e-

67
Q

what is atomic radii?

A

distance from center of nucleus to edge of e- cloud

68
Q

what is the unit for atomic radii?

A

picometer

69
Q

what is the atomic radii trend for groups?

A

increases (down group)

70
Q

why does atomic radii increase down a group?

A

more e- in e- cloud (expands)

71
Q

what is the atomic radii trend for periods?

A

decreases (across period, L -> R)

72
Q

why does atomic radii decrease across a group (L -> R)?

A

nucleus gets larger & pulls e- tighter

73
Q

what is periodicity?

A

looks at trends on PT & how things “generally” change in group and/or in period (& why)

74
Q

what is ionic radii?

A

distance from nucleus of ion to edge of e- cloud

75
Q

what is an ion?

A

a charged particle/(species)

76
Q

what is the group trend for ionic radii?

A

increases (down group)

77
Q

why does ionic radii increase down a group?

A

bc energy levels increase (same reason as for atomic radii)

78
Q

what is the period trend for ionic radii?

A

decreases (across period L->R)

79
Q

why does ionic radii decrease across a period (L->R)?

A

bc working w/ same energy level but nucleus has more control - pulls e- tighter (same reason as for atomic radii)

80
Q

what is a cation?

A

a positive ion

81
Q

what type of element is a cation?

A

metal

82
Q

how are cations formed?

A

by losing val. e-

83
Q

are cations larger or smaller than the atom that formed them?

A

smaller bc they lose e-, sublevel, & energy level

84
Q

what does a nucleus in a cation do?

A

pulls remaining e- closer to it

85
Q

what is an anion?

A

neg. ion

86
Q

what kind of elements form anions?

A

nonmetals

87
Q

how are anions formed?

A

by gaining e-

88
Q

are anions larger or smaller than atom that formed them?

A

larger bc e- is added to existing energy level & now e- can pull farther from nucleus due to less nuclear control

89
Q

who “holds the power” in an anion?

A

e- “hold the power” over the nucleus

90
Q

what is ionization energy?

A

amount of energy in KJ/mol needed to remove 1 e-

91
Q

what is 1st IE?

A

E required to remove 1 e- from neutral atom of an element in KJ/mol

92
Q

what is 2nd IE?

A

energy required to remove 2nd e- from neutral atom of an element in KJ/mol that’s a larger # than the 1st IE

93
Q

what happens to the amount of E as IEs increase?

A

the E increases

94
Q

what is the group trend for IE?

A

decreases (down group)

95
Q

why do IEs decrease down a group?

A

bc less nuclear control (e- in more energy levels)

96
Q

what is the period trend for IE?

A

increases (across L->R)

97
Q

why do IEs increase across a period (L->R)?

A

bc e- are in 1 energy level & nucleus has more control

98
Q

are there little “hiccups” in the IE trends?

A

yes

99
Q

what is electron affinity (EA)?

A

amount of E in KJ/mol released when an e- is added to the atom

100
Q

what does a neg. sign mean when dealing with EA?

A

means E is released (pos. means E is gained)

101
Q

what is the group trend for EA?

A

decreases (down group)

102
Q

why do EAs decrease down groups?

A

bc less nuclear control on E level that’s farther from nucleus

103
Q

what is the period trend for EAs?

A

increases (across L->R)

104
Q

why do EAs increase across a group (L->R)?

A

bc greater nuclear control on E level e- is being added to (same energy level across period)

105
Q

what groups have EAs of 0?

A

Groups 2, 12, & 18

106
Q

why do groups 2, 12, & 18 have EAs of 0?

A

bc they’re filled sublevels & there’s no room for any more e- (cannot add e- into nonexisting sublevels)

107
Q

what sublevel is filled in group 2?

A

s

108
Q

what sublevel is filled in group 12?

A

d

109
Q

what sublevel is filled in group 18?

A

p

110
Q

what other element is an exception to EAs? (has an EA of 0)

A

nitrogen

111
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

measuring the ability of an atom to attract e- in a chemical bond

112
Q

who was electronegativity devised by?

A

Pauli

113
Q

what is the whole electronegativity scale based on?

A

F (fluorine)

114
Q

what is special about fluorine (in terms of electronegativity)?

A

it has the highest electronegativity with 4.0

115
Q

what is the group trend for electronegativity?

A

decreases (down group)

116
Q

why does electronegativity decrease down a group?

A

bc e- are farther from nucleus in E levels & less nuclear control

117
Q

what is the period trend for electronegativity?

A

increases (across L->R)

118
Q

why does electronegativity increase across a period (L->R)

A

bc working on same E level & nucleus grows larger therefore more nuclear control

119
Q

what is the shielding effect?

A

how much the inner e- are able to block the control of the nucleus on the valence e-

120
Q

what is a good synonym for “shielding” in shielding effect?

A

“blocking”

121
Q

what is the group trend for shielding effect?

A

increases (down group)

122
Q

why does shielding effect increase down a group?

A

bc more e- in more E levels that are blocking control of nucleus

123
Q

what is the period trend for shielding effect?

A

no change bc same # of inner e-

124
Q

what do ions change to attain?

A

Noble Gas formation

Chemistry I (5 decks)

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