unit 4 test Flashcards
which regulatory agency regulates pesticides?
the EPA (allows about 10k pesticides to be used, containing some 300 active ingredients)
what is the name of the regulatory agency that enforces standards of quality for our meat, poultry, milk and eggs?
food inspection service of USDA
how do you reduce your exposure to pesticides?
wash, peel and trim, select a variety, choose organic, use insect repellants safely
what are the different preservation methods?
salt, sugar, smoke, fermentation, irradiation, and drying
one of the goals for using many preservation methods is to remove _____ in a food.
water content or pathogens
type of food preservation that uses minimal doses of radiation to control pathogens in food, it breaks down the chemical bonds, cell walls, and DNA
food irradiation
what is the recommended cook temperatures for beef, fish, and pork?
145-170 degrees Fahrenheit
what is the recommended cook temperature for poultry?
165 degrees Fahrenheit
what is the “danger zone”?
the temperatures between 140 degrees Fahrenheit and 40 degrees Fahrenheit in which bacteria can grow quickly
single-cell organisms found in the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe
bacteria
typical symptoms of bacterial infection
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
a foodborne illness that causes infection because the bacteria causes the illness
salmonella
types of foodborne intoxication viruses
clostridium botulinum, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus
t or f: high temps kill bacteria but don’t deactivate toxins
true
can reproduce only after invading body cells, such as intestinal cells.
virus
about __% of foodborne illness cases go undetected because they result from viruses, with no easy way to test for them
70
number one pathogen contributing to domestically acquired foodborne illnesses
norovirus
one-celled animals, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora
protozoa
tapeworms, Trichinella spiralis (round worms)
helminths
heat-treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages
pasteurization
food and packaging materials are sterilized separately and brought together in a sterile zone, then come out as a shelf stable product
aseptic processing of food
factors that can lead to infertility
prolonged energy imbalance, PCOS, and high intakes of saturated & trans fats
In this trimester of pregnancy it is the most critical time of pregnancy, fetus develops rapidly, fetus is most susceptible to toxin exposure, mother should consume same amount of calories as she did before pregnancy but should choose more nutrient-dense foods
first trimester (1-13 weeks)
in this trimester, the fetus weighs about one ounce and looks more like an infant, fetus still susceptible to toxin exposure, this is when the mothers body prepares for lactation
second trimester
in this trimester, the fetus goes through rapid growth (doubles in length and weight increases 3-4 times), weighs about 7 to 9 pounds and is 20 inches long
third trimester
gestation is longer than 37 weeks
full-term pregnancy
infants weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
low birth weight
gestation is less than 37 weeks
premature
infants of _______ women have increased risk of birth defects, death early in life, and obesity in childhood
obese women
infants of _______ women are more likely to have low birth weight
underweight women
requirements for what nutrient increase by 50% during pregnancy?
folate
how much additional protein is required in pregnancy?
an additional 25g
weight gain goals of a mother with a bmi of less than 18.5 during pregnancy?
28 to 40 pounds
weight gain goals of a mother with a normal bmi during pregnancy?
25 to 35 pounds
weight gain goals of a mother with a bmi of 25-29 (overweight) during pregnancy?
15 to 25 pounds
weight gain goals of a mother with a bmi greater than 30 during pregnancy?
11 to 20 pounds
which vitamin or mineral reduces the risk of a baby born with a neural tube defect?
folate
recommendations for reducing ________ are avoid lying down after eating, drink fluid between meals, consume foods lower in fat, and avoid spicy foods
heartburn
recommendations for reducing _________ are regular exercise and adequate consumption of fluid (10 cups per day) and fiber (28 grams per day)
constipation
recommendations for reducing _________ are avoid nauseating foods or smells, eat saltine crackers or dry cereal, avoid drinking large volumes of liquid, and eat small (frequent) meals
morning sickness
benefits of __________ for infants are fewer infections, lower risk of noncommunicable diseases, lower risk of atopic diseases, convivence and cost, decreased risk of certain cancers, establishes healthy gut microbiota
breastfeeding
benefits of __________ for moms are earlier recovery from pregnancy, decreased risk of several chronic diseases later in life, decreased risk of ovarian cancer and premenopausal breast cancer, potential for quicker return to prepregnancy weight
breastfeeding
how does the breastmilk composition change during a breastfeeding session?
at first the milk is lower in fat content and resembles skim milk (fore milk) and into about 10 to 20 minutes into feeding the milk is higher in fat content and resembles cream (hind milk)
what is the federal food and nutrition education program for reducing infant mortality?
WIC; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
why is it important for the infant to be breastfed for the first few days of life?
breast milk is an excellent source of all nutrients that baby’s need and can help the infant with reduced risk of infections
when is additional iron, folate and iodide needed in pregnancy?
during the second and third trimesters
what is the effect of smoking, alcohol, poor diet on the fetus (baby)?
can cause malformations, reduced blood flow to uterus/placenta
how much does a baby grow during the 1st year?
a baby’s weight triples during the first year and height increases by 50%
what is the most sensitive indicator of a child’s nutritional status?
the child’s growth rate, poor eating patterns and habits cause a child to be smaller in size
what is a growth chart and what does it tell you?
how a Childs height and weight correspond to a percentile
what vitamin is routinely given by injection to all infants at birth?
vitamin K
which long chain fatty acids help with the development of brain and retina?
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
who should consume a gluten-free diet?
people who suffer from celiac disease
what is pica?
Persistently eating non nutritious substances such as paint or dirt, ice or paper
which nutrients need to be monitored carefully in a vegetarian child?
iron, vitamin b-12, vitamin D, calorie intake
teenagers tend to be deficient in which minerals?
iron and calcium
what are the lifestyle/nutritional recommendations for an overweight school-aged child?
cut back on fast food, eat moderate portions
which foods are more allergenic to children under the age of 3?
eggs, milk, peanuts
what is the human life span?
maximum number of years a human can live; 122 for women and 116 for men
what is the life expectancy for men and women?
men = 76.2 and women = 81.2
which vitamin is a particular problem for the older population and why?
vitamin D; increased risk of osteoporosis
what is sarcopenic obesity?
loss of lean tissue with increase in fat mass
what is the brain’s preferred fuel source?
glucose
what is the dietary manipulation most significantly related to longevity?
calorie restriction / fasting
how do we decrease the loss of lean tissue with aging?
exercise, proper nutrition, increase protein intake
what are the names of the programs that help seniors meet their nutritional needs?
Older Americans Act Nutrition Program (serves 230 million meals per year to adults ages 60+), Meals on Wheels (bring food/meals to homes), Federal commodity distribution (food stamps, helps low income elderly)
what is the main cause of death in the US?
heart disease and cancer
the fastest growing age group amongst older adults is _______________?
age group 85 and older
which physiological function declines first with aging?
lung capacity
populations of older adults living very long and healthy live
blue zone
