test3

Question 1

micronutrients consist of both _________ and _________

Answer 1

vitamins; minerals

Question 2

carbon-containing substances needed in small amounts by the body

Answer 2

vitamins

Question 3

can’t be synthesized by the body

Answer 3

essential

Question 4

t or f: vitamins are essential

Answer 4

true

Question 5

t or f: food or synthetic sources have the same health benefits and effectiveness

Answer 5

true

Question 6

vitamin A, D, E, K

Answer 6

fat-soluble vitamins

Question 7

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, choline

Answer 7

water-soluble vitamins

Question 8

vitamins that are absorbed with dietary fat

Answer 8

fat-soluble vitamins

Question 9

vitamins that are absorbed into the bloodstream, absorbed primarily in small intestine

Answer 9

water-soluble vitamins

Question 10

t or f: vitamin K is the most likely to be deficient if any of the fat-soluble vitamins are at risk

Answer 10

true

Question 11

t or f: vitamin content is highest when a fruit or vegetable is ripe

Answer 11

true

Question 12

foods that have health benefits beyond basic nutrition

Answer 12

functional foods

Question 13

chemicals found in animal products that have health-protective actions

Answer 13

zoochemical

Question 14

chemicals that are health-promoting compounds found in plant food

Answer 14

phytochemicals

Question 15

• stimulate the immune system
• reduce inflammation and blood pressure
• prevent DNA damage and aid DNA repair
• reduce oxidative damage to cells
• promote cardiovascular, neurocognitive, eye, and bone health
• activate insulin receptors

Answer 15

phytochemical functions

Question 16

what are the two classes of functional foods?

Answer 16

zoochemicals and phytochemicals

Question 17

what foods contain phytochemicals?

Answer 17

soy, cruciferous vegetables, grapes, wine, protein (beans), whole grains

Question 18

a disorder in which a person persistently eats nonnutritive substances over a period of at least a month (including clay, dirt, ice, chalk, or wood)

Answer 18

pica

Question 19

what percentage of water makes up our bodies throughout life?

Answer 19

about 50-70%

Question 20

signs of dehydration

Answer 20

thirst, loss of appetite, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, heat tolerance decreased, weakness, kidney failure, coma, death

Question 21

a disorder of iron metabolism; increased iron absorption and deposition in the liver and heart which eventually poisons the cells in those organs

Answer 21

hemochromatosis

Question 22

what vitamins are required for red blood cell synthesis?

Answer 22

iron, riboflavin (b-2), niacin (b-3), vitamin b-12

Question 23

the presence of a stress-induced fracture or a T-score of -2.5 or lower; bones are porous and fragile due to low mineral density

Answer 23

osteoporosis

Question 24

how do we measure bone density?

Answer 24

on a T-score scale, normal bone density is -1 or higher

Question 25

what age does bone loss start?

Answer 25

begins after age 30

Question 26

functions of water

Answer 26

temperature regulation, acid-base balance, lubricant, chemical reactions, component of body fluids, removal of waste products, distribution of nutrients

Question 27

average water intake needed each day for a male

Answer 27

3 liters (13 cups) - 3.7 liters (15 cups)

Question 28

average water intake needed each day for a female

Answer 28

2.2 liters (9 cups) - 2.7 liters (11 cups)

Question 29

how does water regulate body temperature?

Answer 29

when overheated, the body secretes fluids in the form of perspiration, which evaporates through skin pores, releasing heat energy that cools the body

Question 30

which cation (mineral) attracts water?

Answer 30

electrolytes

Question 31

how is the water in each compartment (intracellular and extracellular) controlled?

Answer 31

by controlling ion concentrations

Question 32

what is the major intracellular cation?

Answer 32

potassium

Question 33

what is the major extracellular cation?

Answer 33

sodium

Question 34

which two minerals are low in women and young children?

Answer 34

iron and vitamin d (or vitamin a or iodine)

Question 35

benefits of physical activity

Answer 35

improved heart health, sleep patterns, and body composition; can also reduce stress, and improve blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and immune function

Question 36

describe anaerobic glucose breakdown

Answer 36

when glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP (which stays in the muscle and is converted to lactate at the end)

Question 37

advantage of _________ glucose breakdown is that it is the fastest way to resupply ATP; it provides most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy

Answer 37

anaerobic

Question 38

two disadvantages of _________ glucose breakdown are that the high rate of ATP production cannot be sustained for long periods and the rapid accumulation of lactate increases the acidity of the muscle

Answer 38

anaerobic

Question 39

describe aerobic glucose breakdown

Answer 39

when glucose is converted to pyruvate which is then fully metabolized into CO2 and water; so glucose -> CO2+H20

Question 40

advantage of __________ glucose breakdown is that it supplies more ATP than the other process

Answer 40

aerobic

Question 41

a disadvantage of __________ glucose breakdown is that is releases energy more slowly

Answer 41

aerobic

Question 42

adults should do at least ___ to ___ minutes per week of moderate-intensity or ___ to ___ minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity for best health benefits

Answer 42

150, 300; 75, 150