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human growth and development > UNIT 4 TEST > Flashcards

UNIT 4 TEST Flashcards

1
Q

Life expectancy

A

The number of years the average person born in a particular year will probably live (ex. 2018 = 78.6yrs)
- Improved with science advances, also substantial reduction in infant deaths

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2
Q

Brain loses ____% of its weight between ages 20 + 90

A

5-10%

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3
Q

What is effected when the brain shrinks??????

A

-Shrinkage of neurons
-Lower numbers of synapses
-Reduced length and complexity of axons
-reduced tree-like branching in dendrites

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

receiving portion of the neuron

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5
Q

What causes lack of dendritic growth in older adults??????

A

lack of environmental stimulation and activity

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6
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age-related difficulties with seeing close objects
-Universal changes that happens in mid-life
-often reason for reading glasses

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7
Q

Poorer dark vision

A

cannot see as well in dimly lit places

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8
Q

Troubles with glare

A

Being blinded by bright light shinning in eye

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9
Q

Color vision

A

Diminishes because the lens of the eye begin to yellow

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10
Q

Depth perception

A

declines with age

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11
Q

Visual decline + social contact

A

Decline in vision can lead to less social interactions because leisure activities become challenging

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12
Q

cateracts

A

The thickening of eye’s lens causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted

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13
Q

Glaucoma

A

Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by fluid buildup in the eye

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14
Q

macular degeneration

A

deterioration of the retina’s macula, which corresponds to focal center of the visual field

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15
Q

Vision interventions

A

-strong indirect lighting
-Avoid fluorescent lighting
-Use adjustable lighting
-Look into low-vision aids
-explore books on tape

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16
Q

Why hearing loss is bad

A

-Limits the ability to connect with the human world through language

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17
Q

what devices help hearing loss

A

Hearing aids and cochlear implants

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18
Q

Hearing loss statistics

A

-One in three older adults suffers from hearing loss
-men are more likely to develop hearing loss - because of exposure to loud noises
-problems increase because of technology oriented culture

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19
Q

presbycusis

A

The characteristic age-related hearing loss
-condition is permanent
-background noise overpower the sounds people want to hear
-Hearing aids usually don’t help

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20
Q

What causes presbycusis??

A

Atrophy of hearing receptors in the inner ear

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21
Q

Hearing loss intervention

A

-Avoid high-noise environments
-install carpet in house
-replace noisy appliances
-avoid elderly speek

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22
Q

elderly speak

A

Speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerating pronunciation

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23
Q

Smell and Taste

A

Loss begins around age 60 and is significantly noticeably around 80

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24
Q

Touch and Pain

A

-with aging, many have impaired toud(detecting less in lower extremities)
-60-70% of older adults have some form of persistent pain
-older adults are less sensitive to pain

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25
Q

Slowness

A

Primary motor ability change

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26
Q

Primary motor ability change caused by…

A

Loss in information-processing speed

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27
Q

Primary motor ability changes and society

A

-Why older adults experience prejudices
-people become annoyed with older peoples slowness
EX. Slow driving

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28
Q

Asian care for elderly

A

turning into Western society model

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29
Q

Scandinavian countries

A

positive models for elderly people
-Family members take primary care of elderly
-Government provides home health services
-money provided to remodel homes
-presence of multigenerational villages

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30
Q

Dementia

A

A global term for several neurological disorders involving irreversible decline in mental function severe enough to interfere with daily living

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31
Q

Alzheimer accounts for how much of dementias?

A

60-80%

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32
Q

Seconds most frequent dementia?

A

Vascular

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33
Q

does activity lower rates of dementia?(yes/no)

A

Yes

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34
Q

Understanding dementia

A

Involves the total erosion of personhood; complete unraveling of inner self

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35
Q

What illnesses cause dementias in younger adults

A

Brain injury or illnesses like aids

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36
Q

Dementia effects what age?

A

Mostly oldest old

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37
Q

Dementia symptoms

A

-Forget episodic info (core facts about their life)
-impairment in executive functions (inhibits one’s actions)
-Thinking is affected (abstract, decisions, judgement)
-Language is compromised
-Loss of all functions (speaking, moving, and even swallowing)

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38
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

A type of dementia caused by multiple small strokes called trans ischemic attacks; these strokes affect blood flow which then causes cumulative damage.

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39
Q

Alzheimer’s Diesease

A

A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning language and eventually physical function.

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40
Q

Alzheimer statistics

A

-Sixth leading cause of death in USA
-1 in 10 individuals 65 or older have alzheimer’s
-Twice as many african americans and one and one-half times as many latinos have alzheimer’s
-two thirds of those with Alzheimer disease in the U.S.A. are women

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41
Q

Causes of Alzheimer Disease

A

-deficiency in acetylcholine (plays important role in memory)
-As neurons decay, formation of amyloid/senile plaques
-Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
-Age
-Cardiac risk factors

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42
Q

Alzheimer Disease and Genetics

A

Apolipoprotein( ApoE) gene increases presence of plaques and tangles in brain

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43
Q

ApoE is most common gene associated with _________ alzheimer disease

A

late-onset

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44
Q

Genes affect the ______ aspect if the disease

A

risk factors associated with alzheimer’s

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45
Q

Young-onset Alzheimer disease (early-onset)

A

Affects a very small percentage of people, where symptoms appear between ages 30-60

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46
Q

What genes are strongly linked with young onset alzhiemers?

A

APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2

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47
Q

Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)

A

represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias

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48
Q

What scan can show dementia??

A

fMRI

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49
Q

Diagnosing Alzhiemer’s (steps)

A
  1. Looks for history of steady mental deteriorations
  2. Rule out other physical + psychological causes
  3. Explore performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests
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50
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer

A

No true cure, but certain drugs, diet, exercise and mental stimulation can slow down progression

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51
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer

A

No true cure, but certain drugs, diet, exercise and mental stimulation can slow down progression

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52
Q

Dealing W/ Alzheimer’s

A

Improving environment is key!!!!!!
-external aids to make life safe (notes like “don’t leave stove on, a bell to notify people when the person has walked out the door, etc)

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53
Q

Issues for care gives or patients w/ Dementias

A

-witnessing lives ones deterioate is unfamiliar to most
-Loved ones can become abusive
-Stress and depression
-Embarrassment or guilt
-Parent + childs roles flip

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54
Q

Respite care

A

Services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals w/ disabilities, illnesses or elderly

55
Q

Integrity vs. despair

A

Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s like has not been well spent

56
Q

Life Review

A

A looking back at one’s life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting them

57
Q

Remininscence therapy

A

A therapy in which someone discusses past activities and experiences with another individual or group

58
Q

Successful aging

A

Characterizes individuals, whose phyical, cognitive, and socioemotional development is maintained longer than others

59
Q

What aspects help create successful aging

A

Proper diet, active lifestyle, mental stimulation, positive coping skills, etc

60
Q

successful aging means…

A

Drawing on what gives one’s life meaning to live fully no matter how the body behaves

61
Q

Components of death system

A

-people
-places or context
-times
-objects
-symbols

62
Q

Who defined the death system?

A

Robert Kastenbaum

63
Q

what % of deaths occur in hospitals?

A

80%

64
Q

Brain death

A

A neurological death when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time

65
Q

Advanced care planning

A

The process of patients thinking about and communicating their preferences abt end-of-life care

66
Q

Living Will

A

A legal document that reflect the patient’s advanced care planning

67
Q

advanced directive

A

a document such as a living will that indicates whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong an individuals life when death is imminent

68
Q

Physicians orders for life-sustaining treatment(POLST)

A

A more specific document that translates treatment preferences into medical orders

69
Q

The death system

A

How society is connected to death

70
Q

Durable power of attorney

A

A persons designating a surrogate to make heath-care decisions if they become incapacitated and unable to make their wishes knows

71
Q

DNR

A

an advance directive completed by surrogates (typically doctors in consultation with the
family) for an impaired person, specifying that no efforts will be made to revive them in case of cardiac arrest.

72
Q

DNH

A

an advance directive put into the charts of impaired nursing home residents, specifying that in a medical crisis they should not be transferred to a hospital for emergency care.

73
Q

Euthanasia

A

the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals suffering from incurable diseases

74
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

When treatment is wishheld

75
Q

Active euthanasia

A

When death is deliberately induced

76
Q

Assisted suicide

A

a process that requires the patient to self-administer lethal medication and determine when and where to do this.

77
Q

Who was involved in the major scandal regarding assisted suicide

A

Jack Kevorkian

78
Q

Guidelines for a good death

A
  1. Minimize physical distress to be free of possible debilitating pain.
  2. Maximize psychological security, and reduce fear and anxiety, thus feeling in control of death.
  3. Enhance relationships and be close as possible to loved ones.
  4. Foster spirituality and have a sense of integrity and purpose in life.
79
Q

Hospice

A

A program committed to making end of life as free from pain and depression as possible

80
Q

Palliative care

A

The act of reducing pain and suffering, and helping individuals dies with dignity

81
Q

Deaths at different points in life span

A

-Miscarriages and stillborn births.
- During the birth process or in the first few days after birth.
-Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of infant death in the United States.
In childhood, most commonly accidents or illness.
-Most adolescent and young adult deaths result from suicide, homicide, or motor vehicle accidents.
-Middle-age and older adult deaths usually result from chronic diseases.

82
Q

Childhood attitude toward death

A

Children can understand death!!
- At some point in the middle and late childhood years, many children develop more realistic and accurate perceptions of death.

83
Q

Best strategy when telling a child about death

A

brief Honesty (NEVER tell them they are on vacation or are asleep)

84
Q

Adolescence attitude toward death

A

develop more abstract conceptions about death
than children do, and they may develop religious and
philosophical views

85
Q

Middle-aged adults attiude toward death

A

age area that worries most about death

86
Q

Older adults attitude toward death

A

when ones own death may take on an appropriateness it lacked in earlier years
(not always)

87
Q

Kübler-Ross’ Stages of Dying

A
  1. Denial + isolation
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
88
Q

denial and isolation

A

a dying person denies she or he is really going to die.

89
Q

Anger

A

a dying person’s denial gives way to anger, resentment, rage, envy.

90
Q

Bargaining

A

a dying person develops hope that death can be postponed

91
Q

depression

A

When the dying person comes to accept the certainty of their death, a period of depression or preparatory grief may appear

92
Q

acceptance

A

The dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance to their fate, and usually wants to be left alone

93
Q

Perceived control

A

An adaptive strategy for remaining alert and cheerful

94
Q

Statistics abt death

A

-More that 50% of ppl die in hospitals
-20% of americans die in nurding homes
-10% of ppl die elsewhere

95
Q

Grief

A

THe emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness accompanying the loss of someone loved.

96
Q

Prolonged grief disorder(complicated grief)

A

Grief that involves enduring despair and remained unsolved over an extended period of time(6+ months)

97
Q

Disenfranchised grief

A

An individual’s grief involving a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss and cannot be openly mourned or supported

98
Q

examples of reasons for Disenfranchised grief

A

death of an ex-spouse, abortion, stigmatized
death, such as AIDS

99
Q

Who is more likely to be widowed

A

Women are 3X as likely to be widowed

100
Q

Those that loss an intimate partner often feel…

A

Profound grief
Die earlier than expected
Endure financial loss, loneliness, increased physical illness, and psychological disorders

101
Q

how many elect creamation in the USA

A

Half of deaths

102
Q

In the US funerals are…

A

usually private funerals followed by a memorial ceremony

103
Q

How do the Amish handel funerals

A

The community handles all aspects of the funeral

104
Q

How does Judaism handel death

A

The period of mourning is divided into graduated time periods, each with it;s appropriate practices

105
Q

shivah

A

The seven-day period of mourning in Judaism

106
Q

Life span

A

120-125 yrs

107
Q

Centenarians

A

ppl that live to 100 yrs or older

108
Q

Centenarians

A

ppl that live to 100 yrs or older

109
Q

Supercentenarians

A

People who live past 110

110
Q

What country has the most centenarians

A

Us then Japan, china + England

111
Q

Young-old

A

65-84

112
Q

Oldest-old

A

85 or more

113
Q

What gender are most oldest-old people

A

Female

114
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The generation of new neurons

115
Q

How many hours of sleep should a person get(

A

7-8

116
Q

what happens to height and weight as we age

A

become shorter due to bone loss in vertebrae
Weight drops after age 60 due to muscle loss

117
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Wearing away of joint cartilage

118
Q

osteoporosis

A

Bones become porous, brittle and fragile
-women more likely

119
Q

Perceptual-motor coupling and Driving

A

When an older person gives up driving it’s a loss of independence

120
Q

Ilnesses that are common when older

A

Heart conditions
Diabetes
asthma
Arthritis

121
Q

Top ranking chronic illness later in life

A

Arthritis

122
Q

Leading cause of death in middle -aged adults

A

cancer

123
Q

Leading cause of death in middle -aged adults

A

cancer

124
Q

leading cause of death 75 and older

A

cardiovascular disease

125
Q

African americans have higher death rates for which diseases

A

Stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and breast cancer

126
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems, is especially common in older adults

127
Q

Older adults with health problems receive medical care how often

A

Only half the time

128
Q

Continuing-care retirement

A

Residential complex that provides dif. levels of services

129
Q

Assisted-living facilities

A

For those who are experiencing activities of daily living limitations, but do not need 24 hour care
-less medicaly

130
Q

Day-care programs

A

For elderly who live with families
-Provides place for impaired elderly to go when caregivers are working

131
Q

Home health services

A

Provides care in home: paid care givers who help with daily livin skills

132
Q

all-inclusive communities

A

neighborhoods that have grocery stores, laundromats, etc all in the neighborhood and within walking distance

133
Q

Aspects of successful aging

A

physical health, cognitive abilities, and strong social relationships

human growth and development (2 decks)

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