Unit 4 - Stuttering Flashcards
1
Q
Stuttering - When does it begin? What is the caus?
A
Begins in childhood no known cause
2
Q
When does psychogenic stuttering happen?
A
Results from emotional or psychological trauma
3
Q
When does Acquired (neurogenic) stuttering happen?
A
Results from brain trauma, disease, meds
4
Q
What are the four disfluency types?
A
- Stuttering
-Acquired (neurogenic) stuttering - Psychogenic stuttering
- Cluttering
5
Q
What are primary/core behaviors for stuttering?
A
- Repetitions (sounds/syllables, words, phrases are repeated)
-Prolongations (sound is elongated)
-Blocks (no sound is produced)
6
Q
Secondary Stuttering Behaviors
A
- Eye aversion
- Avoidance
- Verbal interjections
- Abnormal head or body movements
- Circumlocution
- Word substitution
7
Q
Percentage for lifetime incidence?
A
5 percent, probably 10 percent
8
Q
Do the vast majority spontaneously recover from stuttering in their early childhood?
A
Yes
9
Q
What is the percentage for how many stutterers persist into adulthood?
A
1 percent
10
Q
What is the male-to-female ratio after early childhod?
A
4:1
11
Q
_____% repot they have a relative who stuttered at some time
A
50%
12
Q
Higher levels of disfluency in bilingual children ______ stutter
A
DO NOT
13
Q
Fluency-Enhancing Conditions
A
- Singing or whispering
- Speaking in a different voice, accent
- Choral reading, talking in unison
- Talking when alone, to babies or pets
- Speaking to a metronome
14
Q
Fluency Challenging Conditions
A
- Speaking on the phone
- Speaking to large audiences
- Speaking to an authority figure
- Saying one’s name
- Speaking in a hurry
15
Q
Possible Fluency-Enhancing Conditions Explanations
A
- Distraction
- Altered social dynamics
- Rate (slower rate = more fluency)
- Different self-monitoring
- Using speech mechanism differently
16
Q
A
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
A
20
Q
Learn to stutter in an easier, more controlled manner
A
Stuttering modifications
21
Q
What are fluency-challenging conditions possible explanations?
A
- Represent situations in which person has stuttered before and associated with embarrassment or shame.
- Anxious feelings increase stress and resulting in muscular tension
22
Q
Stuttering stems from _________, ________ component
A
Stuttering stems from hereditary, genetic component
23
Q
Monozygotic twins have _______ concordance for stuttering than dizygotic twins.
A
higher
24
Q
Family studies have found genes linked to dopamine receptors and lysosomal storage, but _____ ______ haven’t replicated that.
A
population studies
25
What daily activities can be negatively impacted by stuttering?
- Children's school performance
- Employment
- Social Interactions
26
Myths about Stuttering
- People who stutter are more introverted
- People who stutter are more anxious
- People who stutter have lower intelligence
- Parents of children who stutter are more anxious
- People who stutter have less self-confidence
- People who stutter are more sensitive
27
How do you communicate with someone who stutters?
- Maintain normal eye contact
Do not interrupt
Do no finish their words, sentences
Pay attention to what the person is saying, but not how they're saying it
Be aware of how common stereotypes may be influencing your opinion of the person who stutters
28
If stuttering is primarily a motor speech disorder with a linguistic component, then cluttering sits at the convergence of ______ _______ and __________ ___________.
language formulation and articulatory control
29
What is the best diagnosis and treatment?
Early
30
Full recovery in __________ _____________ is unlikely
Full recovery in school-aged children is unlikely
31
Stuttering decreases _____-_____ percent regardless of therapy used
Stuttering decreases 60-80 percent regardless of therapy used
32
_________ _______ _________ tend to be the most effective at improving overt fluency
Prolonged speech techniques tend to be the most effective at improving overt fluency
33
Types of Stuttering Therapy
- Fluency-shaping therapy
-Stuttering modification therapy
- Stuttering-affirming approaches
-Psychotherapeautic approaches
- Electronic devices
-Parent-directed intervention
34
35
36
About ___-____% of the population reports that they have stuttered at one time in their life and __% report that they currently stutter, likely due to high rates of early recovery or response to intervention.
About 5-10% of the population reports that they have stuttered at one time in their life and 1% report that they currently stutter, likely due to high rates of early recovery or response to intervention.
37
What is the goal of stuttering modification therapy?
To modify moments of stuttering so that disfluencies are less tense and to reduce fear of stuttering.
38
What's a technique that a speaker who has taken fluency shaping therapy might use?
Slowing rate of speech
39
True or False: The majority of kids who start stuttering will spontaneously recover without treatment.
True
40
Fluency shaping therapy AND stuttering modification aim to:
1. Change one's speech patterns and
2. Have the skills transfer beyond a clinical setting
True
41
True or False: Parents' negative reactions to normal developmental disfluencies can cause a child to start stuttering.
False
42
What is Speech Easy?
The Speech Easy provides more than one of the feedback types listed above
43
Drawbacks of SpeakEasy?
- It is costly
- Lack of insurance coverage
- Does not improve fluency for people who stutter
- Reduced effectiveness over time
44
Myth or Evidence-based Fact: People who stutter have less self-confidence than nonstutterers.
Myth
45
Myth or Evidence-based Fact: Over half of people who stutter have a relative who has stuttered.
Evidence
46
People who stutter have lower intelligence than nonstutterers
Myth
47
People who stutter have lower intelligence than nonstutterers
Myth
48
Stuttering can be caused by bad parenting
Myth
49
Adults who stutter are far more likely to be male than female
Evidence-based research
50
People who stutter are imitating a family member who stutters
Myth
51
52
What is developmental stuttering?
A disruption in the fluency of speech characterized by involuntary blocks, prolongations or repetitions of sounds, syllables or words; begins in childhood, but is seen in both children and adults
53
What is psychogenic stuttering?
Rare condition that occurs as a result of an emotional or psychological trauma
54
55
What is normal disinfluency?
Disruptions in the flow of speech characterized by effortless repetitions of words or phrases, revisions, hesitations, interjections; occurs in all children in early childhood
56
What is cluttering?
A disorder of both speech and language procesing characterized by rapid, dysrhythmic, unorganized and frequently unintelligible speech with poor error awareness
57
58
Fears and avoidances are directly confronted might involve a hierarchy of speaking situations, the client disclosing that they stutter and/or stuttering on purpose
Desensitization
59
Client learns to stutter in an easier more controlled manner through the use of techniques such as bounching, prolongations, pullouts and cancellations
Modification
60
Client learns how their speech mechanism works and catalogues their unique pattern of core and secondary
Identification
61
Generalizing one's skills to the real world by becoming one's own clinician
Stabilization
62
63
Self-report measure that provides impact ratings across four categories
OASES
64
Contains four speech tasks provides measure of core stuttering difluencies
TOCS
65
Contains conversational and reading speech samples, provides listener-based measure of severity
SSI-4
66
Conversation assessing the client's thoughts and feelings about stuttering, give information on how stuttering limits the client in daily life
client interview
67
Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF), Frequency Altered Feedback (FAF), Masking Auditory Feedback (MAF)
Electronic devices
68
What is Dopamine Excess Theory?
Suggests overactivity of dopamine pathways contributes to stuttering.
69
What is Genetic Theory?
Stuttering runs in families; specific genes have been linked.
70
Diagnosogenic Theory
Outdated theory that stuttering starts when normal disfluencies are labeled negatively by parents.
71
* Analysis of child’s speech behaviors
* Types of disfluencies
* Frequency and duration of
disfluencies
* Visible/audible secondaries
Preschool Speech Sample
