Unit 4 - Sports Psychology Flashcards
Define Ability
Ability is inherited (traits)
Define Skill
Skills are learned, they take time and practice to perfect and refine
They can be mental or physical
Define basic skill
A basic skill is a simple skill, that doesn’t require much concentration or experience
Define complex skill
A complex skill is a skill that requires concentration, coordination and experience
Define open skill
An open skill is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment
Define closed skill
A closed skill is not effected by others or the environment
Define self-paced skill
Self-paced skills are started when the athlete decides to start. They control speed, rate and pace of the skill
Define externally-paced skill
Externally-paced skills are started by an external factor. Speed, rate and pace are controlled externally
Define gross skill
Gross skills use large muscle groups to perform big, strong and powerful movements
Define fine skill
Fine skills use small, precise movements showing high levels of accuracy and coordination. They use small groups of muscles
Define performance goals
Performace goals are a personal standard to be achieved. The performer compares against themselves
Define outcome goals
Outcome goals focus on the end result
What does SMART stand for?
S - specific M - Measurable A - Agreed R - Realistic T - Time-bound
Define information processing
Information processing involves gathering data and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision
What are the processes in information processing?
Input - Deision Making - Output - Feedback
What does the brain do doing the ‘input’ section of information processing?
The athlete takes information from the environment using senses (sight, sound and touch). They use SELECTIVE ATTENTION to choose what the most important information is.
What does the brain do doing the ‘decision making’ section of information processing?
Athletes SHORT TERM MEMORY (or working memory) stores information for up to 30 secs, this may be used to remember where an opponent or team mate is.
The athletes LONG TERM MEMORY holds information, athletes will use this to remember rehearsed or similar situations to help decide what to do.
What does the brain do doing the ‘output’ section of information processing?
The decisions made by the athlete is sent to the appropriate muscles (ALWAYS SPECIFY) to carry out the action. These movements are made by signals from the brain to the muscles.
What does the brain do doing the ‘feedback’ section of information processing?
Athlete recieves information from themselces - INTRINSIC - and other - EXTRINSIC - about the sucess of the action. This information wll be stored in the LONG TERM MEMORY to develop skills or performance in the future.
What is intrinsic feedback?
When an athlete gives themseles feedback based on how an action is completed and how it feels.
What is extrinsic feedback?
When a bystander (coach or spectator) gives an athlete feedback based on how an action is completed.
Define Guidance
The method of giving information to a performer
Define Feedback
Information given to make necessary improvement
What are the 4 types of guidance?
Visual Guidance
Verbal Guidance
Manual Guidance
Mechanical Guidance
Describe Visual Guidance
Visual guidance is guidance a performer can see
Describe Verbal Guidance
Verbal guidance is guidance a performer can hear
Describe Manual Guidance
Manual guidance involves a coach moving a performer into the correct position or supporting them as they perform
Describe Mechanical Guidance
Mechanical guidance involves the use of objects or aids to assist the coaching process
Advantages of Visual guidance
Good for beginners Useful for all athletes Vision is generally most dominant sense Allows performers to understand what is infected Performers can copy what they see
Disadvantages of Visual guidance
Demonstration/ image must be good quality
Some skills are too complex to demonstrate
Not effective if the performer is unable to concentrate
Advantages of Verbal guidance
Very good for elite athletes (coaches are lower level)
Good way to highlight key teaching points
Quick method of sharing instructions
Advantages of Manual guidance
Good for beginners
Heightened safety
Allows performers to develop the correct feel
Advantages of Mechanical guidance
Good for potentially dangerous skills
Can allow a performer to gain a feel for a movement without fear
Good for confidence building
Disadvantages of Verbal guidance
Can result in information overload
Can be boring
Sports arenas can be noisy, making it hard to hear
Complex things can be difficult to explain
Disadvantages of Manual guidance
A movement can feel different when someone else is moving your body
The performer may not think that they are actually performing the skill themselves
Disadvantages of Mechanical guidance
Equipment may be expensive
Performer can become over-reliant on the aid
What are the different types of feedback?
Positive feedback Negative feedback Knowledge of results Knowledge of performance Intrinsic feedback Extrinsic feedback
Define Positive Feedback
Information which about what was good about a performance
Advantages of positive feedback
Motivates performers, especially beginners
Makes performers feel their performance had positives
Disadvantages of positive feedback
Can too highly emphasise what went well and make a performer think they were better than they actually were
Define Negative feedback
Information about what was bad about the performance
Advantages of negative feedback
Allows a coach to highlight what can be better/correctly
Helps performers help prioritise specific skills they need to improve
Disadvantages of negative feedback
Demoralising (especially for beginners)
Too many negative comments can leave a performer struggling to know how to respond
Define Knowledge of Results
Provides information about then end result of a performance
Advantages of knowledge of results
Fast measure of success
Disadvantages of knowledge of results
Demotivating for performers who didn’t come first
Doesn’t give the full picture
Define Knowledge of Performance
Provides performers with information about how they played
Disadvantages of knowledge of performance
Can be challenging to break a performer down to give detailed feedback a performer needs
Advantages of knowledge of performance
Allows very detailed feedback on specific aspects of an athletes performance
Should be very detailed for an experienced athlete, but only a few for beginners
Define Intrinsic feedback
Information a performer gains from within themselves
Advantages of intrinsic feedback
Performers can make immediate adjustments to their performance during a match
Disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
Performers need to be experienced in the sport for this to be effective
Define Extrinsic feedback
Information a performer receives from an external source
Advantages of extrinsic feedback
Beginners need it in order to develop their technique
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
Can be difficult to get advice and help from a qualified coach, especially for beginners
Define Arousal
Arousal is the psychological and physiological state of alertness or readiness (it is a contiuem)
How can we show arousal on a graph?
Inverted U-theory
Why is too little arousal bad?
Performer is not ready, slow reactions
Why is too much arousal bad?
Performer is jittery and may shake or make mistakes
What is the name of the highest point on an arousal graph?
Optimum arousal
Why does an inverted U graph look different for different sports?
Different sports require different levels of arousal
What are the 5 methods for coping with arousal?
Mental Rehearsing Mental Visualisation Mental Imagery Deep Breathing Positive Self-talk
Describe mental rehearsing as an arousal coping mechanism
Involves the performer picturing themselves performing a skill perfectly before attempting it
Describe mental imagery as an arousal coping mechanism
Can involve a performer seeing themselves in a calm place
Describe mental visualisation as an arousal coping mechanism
Involves a performer imagining a relaxing scene or place
Describe positive self talk as an arousal coping mechanism
This is cognitive
Performer talks to themselves in their head to increase or decrease arousal levels
Describe deep breathing as an arousal coping mechanism
Physical technique which involves the performer exaggerating breaths to lower heart rate
Define direct aggression
Within the rules
Aimed directly at other players/ participants and involves physical contact
Define indirect aggression
Does not involve direct physical contact with players or participants (taken out on an object)
Describe Introverts
Introverts tend to be quiet, shy, thoughtful and can be described as loners
They usually prefer taking part in individual sports
Describe Extroverts
Extroverts tend to be sociable, enthusiastic, outgoing and talkative. They prefer team sports.
Define Motivation
Motivation is the drive or desire to achieve something
Define Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is the drive that comes from within the performer
Define Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation is the drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward
Which type of motivation means that people are more likely to continue a sport throughout their lives
Intrinsic Motivation
