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UK GCSE PE > Unit 4 - Sports Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Sports Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Ability

A

Ability is inherited (traits)

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2
Q

Define Skill

A

Skills are learned, they take time and practice to perfect and refine
They can be mental or physical

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3
Q

Define basic skill

A

A basic skill is a simple skill, that doesn’t require much concentration or experience

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4
Q

Define complex skill

A

A complex skill is a skill that requires concentration, coordination and experience

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5
Q

Define open skill

A

An open skill is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment

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6
Q

Define closed skill

A

A closed skill is not effected by others or the environment

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7
Q

Define self-paced skill

A

Self-paced skills are started when the athlete decides to start. They control speed, rate and pace of the skill

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8
Q

Define externally-paced skill

A

Externally-paced skills are started by an external factor. Speed, rate and pace are controlled externally

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9
Q

Define gross skill

A

Gross skills use large muscle groups to perform big, strong and powerful movements

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10
Q

Define fine skill

A

Fine skills use small, precise movements showing high levels of accuracy and coordination. They use small groups of muscles

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11
Q

Define performance goals

A

Performace goals are a personal standard to be achieved. The performer compares against themselves

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12
Q

Define outcome goals

A

Outcome goals focus on the end result

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13
Q

What does SMART stand for?

A 
S - specific
M - Measurable 
A - Agreed 
R - Realistic
T - Time-bound
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14
Q

Define information processing

A

Information processing involves gathering data and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision

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15
Q

What are the processes in information processing?

A

Input - Deision Making - Output - Feedback

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16
Q

What does the brain do doing the ‘input’ section of information processing?

A

The athlete takes information from the environment using senses (sight, sound and touch). They use SELECTIVE ATTENTION to choose what the most important information is.

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17
Q

What does the brain do doing the ‘decision making’ section of information processing?

A

Athletes SHORT TERM MEMORY (or working memory) stores information for up to 30 secs, this may be used to remember where an opponent or team mate is.
The athletes LONG TERM MEMORY holds information, athletes will use this to remember rehearsed or similar situations to help decide what to do.

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18
Q

What does the brain do doing the ‘output’ section of information processing?

A

The decisions made by the athlete is sent to the appropriate muscles (ALWAYS SPECIFY) to carry out the action. These movements are made by signals from the brain to the muscles.

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19
Q

What does the brain do doing the ‘feedback’ section of information processing?

A

Athlete recieves information from themselces - INTRINSIC - and other - EXTRINSIC - about the sucess of the action. This information wll be stored in the LONG TERM MEMORY to develop skills or performance in the future.

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20
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

When an athlete gives themseles feedback based on how an action is completed and how it feels.

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21
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

When a bystander (coach or spectator) gives an athlete feedback based on how an action is completed.

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22
Q

Define Guidance

A

The method of giving information to a performer

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23
Q

Define Feedback

A

Information given to make necessary improvement

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of guidance?

A

Visual Guidance
Verbal Guidance
Manual Guidance
Mechanical Guidance

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25
Q

Describe Visual Guidance

A

Visual guidance is guidance a performer can see

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26
Q

Describe Verbal Guidance

A

Verbal guidance is guidance a performer can hear

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27
Q

Describe Manual Guidance

A

Manual guidance involves a coach moving a performer into the correct position or supporting them as they perform

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28
Q

Describe Mechanical Guidance

A

Mechanical guidance involves the use of objects or aids to assist the coaching process

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29
Q

Advantages of Visual guidance

A 
Good for beginners
Useful for all athletes
Vision is generally most dominant sense
Allows performers to understand what is infected
Performers can copy what they see
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30
Q

Disadvantages of Visual guidance

A

Demonstration/ image must be good quality
Some skills are too complex to demonstrate
Not effective if the performer is unable to concentrate

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31
Q

Advantages of Verbal guidance

A

Very good for elite athletes (coaches are lower level)
Good way to highlight key teaching points
Quick method of sharing instructions

32
Q

Advantages of Manual guidance

A

Good for beginners
Heightened safety
Allows performers to develop the correct feel

33
Q

Advantages of Mechanical guidance

A

Good for potentially dangerous skills
Can allow a performer to gain a feel for a movement without fear
Good for confidence building

34
Q

Disadvantages of Verbal guidance

A

Can result in information overload
Can be boring
Sports arenas can be noisy, making it hard to hear
Complex things can be difficult to explain

35
Q

Disadvantages of Manual guidance

A

A movement can feel different when someone else is moving your body
The performer may not think that they are actually performing the skill themselves

36
Q

Disadvantages of Mechanical guidance

A

Equipment may be expensive

Performer can become over-reliant on the aid

37
Q

What are the different types of feedback?

A 
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
Intrinsic feedback
Extrinsic feedback
38
Q

Define Positive Feedback

A

Information which about what was good about a performance

39
Q

Advantages of positive feedback

A

Motivates performers, especially beginners

Makes performers feel their performance had positives

40
Q

Disadvantages of positive feedback

A

Can too highly emphasise what went well and make a performer think they were better than they actually were

41
Q

Define Negative feedback

A

Information about what was bad about the performance

42
Q

Advantages of negative feedback

A

Allows a coach to highlight what can be better/correctly

Helps performers help prioritise specific skills they need to improve

43
Q

Disadvantages of negative feedback

A

Demoralising (especially for beginners)

Too many negative comments can leave a performer struggling to know how to respond

44
Q

Define Knowledge of Results

A

Provides information about then end result of a performance

45
Q

Advantages of knowledge of results

A

Fast measure of success

46
Q

Disadvantages of knowledge of results

A

Demotivating for performers who didn’t come first

Doesn’t give the full picture

47
Q

Define Knowledge of Performance

A

Provides performers with information about how they played

48
Q

Disadvantages of knowledge of performance

A

Can be challenging to break a performer down to give detailed feedback a performer needs

49
Q

Advantages of knowledge of performance

A

Allows very detailed feedback on specific aspects of an athletes performance
Should be very detailed for an experienced athlete, but only a few for beginners

50
Q

Define Intrinsic feedback

A

Information a performer gains from within themselves

51
Q

Advantages of intrinsic feedback

A

Performers can make immediate adjustments to their performance during a match

52
Q

Disadvantages of intrinsic feedback

A

Performers need to be experienced in the sport for this to be effective

53
Q

Define Extrinsic feedback

A

Information a performer receives from an external source

54
Q

Advantages of extrinsic feedback

A

Beginners need it in order to develop their technique

55
Q

Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback

A

Can be difficult to get advice and help from a qualified coach, especially for beginners

56
Q

Define Arousal

A

Arousal is the psychological and physiological state of alertness or readiness (it is a contiuem)

57
Q

How can we show arousal on a graph?

A

Inverted U-theory

58
Q

Why is too little arousal bad?

A

Performer is not ready, slow reactions

59
Q

Why is too much arousal bad?

A

Performer is jittery and may shake or make mistakes

60
Q

What is the name of the highest point on an arousal graph?

A

Optimum arousal

61
Q

Why does an inverted U graph look different for different sports?

A

Different sports require different levels of arousal

62
Q

What are the 5 methods for coping with arousal?

A 
Mental Rehearsing
Mental Visualisation
Mental Imagery
Deep Breathing
Positive Self-talk
63
Q

Describe mental rehearsing as an arousal coping mechanism

A

Involves the performer picturing themselves performing a skill perfectly before attempting it

64
Q

Describe mental imagery as an arousal coping mechanism

A

Can involve a performer seeing themselves in a calm place

65
Q

Describe mental visualisation as an arousal coping mechanism

A

Involves a performer imagining a relaxing scene or place

66
Q

Describe positive self talk as an arousal coping mechanism

A

This is cognitive

Performer talks to themselves in their head to increase or decrease arousal levels

67
Q

Describe deep breathing as an arousal coping mechanism

A

Physical technique which involves the performer exaggerating breaths to lower heart rate

68
Q

Define direct aggression

A

Within the rules

Aimed directly at other players/ participants and involves physical contact

69
Q

Define indirect aggression

A

Does not involve direct physical contact with players or participants (taken out on an object)

70
Q

Describe Introverts

A

Introverts tend to be quiet, shy, thoughtful and can be described as loners
They usually prefer taking part in individual sports

71
Q

Describe Extroverts

A

Extroverts tend to be sociable, enthusiastic, outgoing and talkative. They prefer team sports.

72
Q

Define Motivation

A

Motivation is the drive or desire to achieve something

73
Q

Define Intrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation is the drive that comes from within the performer

74
Q

Define Extrinsic motivation

A

Extrinsic motivation is the drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward

75
Q

Which type of motivation means that people are more likely to continue a sport throughout their lives

A

Intrinsic Motivation

UK GCSE PE (6 decks)

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