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UK GCSE PE > Unit 1 - Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Functions of the Skeletal System?

6

A
  • Blood Cell Production
  • Mineral Storage
  • Protection
  • Shape
  • Support
  • Movement
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2
Q

Describe Blood Cell Production.

as a function of the skeletal system

A

The inner marrow of long bones produces red and white blood cells.

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3
Q

What do Red Blood Cells do?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen to the working muscles.

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4
Q

What do White Blood Cells do?

A

White blood cells help fight of infections in various ways.

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5
Q

How do muscles help move bones?

A

Muscles always pull bones.

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6
Q

Describe Movement.

as a function of the skeletal system

A

Provides anchors or points for muscles to pull against.

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7
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A tissue which attaches bone to bone.

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8
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A tissue which attaches bone to muscle.

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9
Q

Describe Protection.

as a function of the skeletal system

A

Certain bones protect our vital organs from external forces.

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10
Q

Which kind of bones protect?

A

Flat Bones.

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11
Q

Describe Support.

as a function of the skeletal system

A

Our bones provide support for our muscles and organs. Without this we would be a mass of soft tissue.

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12
Q

Describe Shape.

as a function of the skeletal system

A

Provides us with our general shape such as height and build.

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13
Q

Describe Mineral Storage.

as a function of the skeletal system

A

Our bones store minerals which can be released into the blood stream.

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14
Q

Which Minerals are stored in bones?

A

Phosphorus

Calcium

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15
Q

What does Phosphorus do?

A

Phosphorus helps maintain healthy joints.

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16
Q

What does Calcium do?

A

Calcium helps maintain strong bones.

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17
Q

What is Function?

A

What something does.

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18
Q

What is Structure?

A

Why something is designed a certain way.

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19
Q

5 Elements of the Structure of a Skeleton?

A
  • Movement at a joint
  • Shape and type determine amount of movement
  • Flat bones for the protection of vital organs
  • Different types of joints allow different types of movement
  • Provide a point of attachment for muscles
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20
Q

What are the 14 bones you need to know?

use a figure to help

A 
Cranium - Head
Vertebrae - Back
Scapula - Shoulder blade
Humorous - Top of arm
Ribs - Torso
Sternum - Chest bone
Radius - Lower arm (thumb side)
Ulna - Lower arm (pinkie side)
Pelvis - Hip
Femur - Upper leg
Tibia - Front (large) shin bone
Fibula - Back (small) shin bone
Patella - Knee Cap
Talus - Ankle
(Figure 1)
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21
Q

What is the bone in the Head?

A

Cranium (Figure 1)

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22
Q

What is the bone in the Back?

A

Vertebrae (Figure 1)

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23
Q

What is the bone in the Shoulder blade?

A

Scapula (Figure 1)

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24
Q

What is the bone in the Top of arm?

A

Humorous (Figure 1)

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25
Q

What is the bone in the Torso?

A

Ribs (Figure 1)

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26
Q

What is the bone in the Chest?

A

Sternum (Figure 1)

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27
Q

What is the bone in the Lower arm (thumb side)?

A

Radius (Figure 1)

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28
Q

What is the bone in the Lower arm (pinkie side)?

A

Ulna (Figure 1)

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29
Q

What is the bone in the Upper leg?

A

Femur (Figure 1)

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30
Q

What is the bone in the Hip?

A

Pelvis (Figure 1)

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31
Q

What is the bone in the Ankle?

A

Talus (Figure 1)

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32
Q

What is the bone in the Knee Cap?

A

Patella (Figure 1)

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33
Q

What is the bone in the Back (small) shin bone?

A

Fibula (Figure 1)

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34
Q

What is the bone in the Front (large) shin bone?

A

Tibia (Figure 1)

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35
Q

What are the 13 muscles you need to know?

use a figure to help

A 
Deltoid - Upper arm
Rotator Cuff - Near the armpit
Pectorals - Chest
Abdominals - Stomach
Biceps - Upper (front) arm
Tricep - Upper (back) arm
Latissimus Dorsi - Side
Hip Flexors - Pelvic area
Gluteals - Butt
Hamstring - Upper (back) leg
Quadriceps - Upper (front) leg
Gastrocnemius - Calf
Tibialis Anterior - Shin
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36
Q

What is the muscle in the Shin?

A

Tibialis Anterior

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37
Q

What is the muscle in the Calf?

A

Gastrocnemius

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38
Q

What is the muscle in the Upper (front) leg?

A

Quadriceps

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39
Q

What is the muscle in the Upper (back) leg?

A

Hamstring

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40
Q

What is the muscle in the Butt?

A

Gluteals

Gluteus Maximus

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41
Q

What is the muscle in the Pelvic area?

A

Hip Flexors

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42
Q

What is the muscle in the Side?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

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43
Q

What is the muscle in the Upper arm?

A

Deltoid

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44
Q

What is the muscle near the armpit?

A

Rotator Cuff

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45
Q

What is the muscle in the Chest?

A

Pectorals

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46
Q

What is the muscle in the Stomach?

A

Abdominals

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47
Q

What is the muscle in the Upper (front) arm?

A

Biceps

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48
Q

What is the muscle in the Upper (back) arm?

A

Tricep

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49
Q

Describe Flexion

A

Bending of the limbs at a joint/ reducing the joint angle.

50
Q

Describe Extension

A

Straightening of the limb at a joint/ increasing the joint angle.

51
Q

Describe Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body.

52
Q

Describe Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body.

53
Q

Describe Rotation

A

A circular motion around a fixed point.

54
Q

Describe Plantar Flexion

A

The movement of the foot, in which the foot flexes downwards towards the sole.
(down towards plants)
ONLY AT THE ANKLE

55
Q

Describe Dorsiflexion

A

The upwards or backwards flexion of the foot.

ONLY AT THE ANKLE

56
Q

What is a joint?

A 
Where two (or more) bones meet. 
(Movement can only occur here)
57
Q

What is a Hinge joint?

A

Joint that allows flexion and extension.

58
Q

Name 3 Hinge joints.

A

Elbow
Knee
Ankle

59
Q

What is a Ball and Socket joint?

A

Joint that allows many types of movement.

60
Q

Name 2 Ball and Socket joints.

A

Shoulder

Hip

61
Q

What is a Synovial Joint?

A

Synovial joints (or freely movable joints) are the most common types of joint and are usually found in the limbs. They are characterised by a fluid filled space between cartilage pads at the end of bones.

62
Q

What is a Synovial Membrane?

A

Secrete synovial fluid.

63
Q

What is a Synovial Fluid?

A

Lubricates the joint and is in the joint cavity.

64
Q

What is the function of Synovial fluid?

A

Prevents friction between two (or more) bones.

65
Q

What is a Joint Capsule?

A

Tough fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint and is supported by ligaments.

66
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

Covers the end of the bones, providing a smooth, friction free surface. Cartilage acts as a shock absorber.

67
Q

What is a Bursa Sack?

A

A sack of fluid that sits between your muscles/tendons and your bone to prevent friction.

68
Q

Draw a diagram of a synovial joint.

A 
(See Figure 3)
Should contain:
Synovial FLuid
Synocial Membrane
Joint cap
Ligament
Bursa sac
Cartilage
69
Q

Define Antagonistic Pairs

A

Muscles work in pairs. As one shortens, the other lengthens.

70
Q

What are the 2 types of contractions?

A

Isotonic

Isometric

71
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A Contraction when the muscles/limbs are moving, this means one muscle is lengthening and one is shortening.

72
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

The muscles shorten.

73
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

The muscles lengthen.

74
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

A Contraction where the muscles/limbs are not moving.

75
Q

What happens in the nasal cavity?

A

Air is warmed, filtered and moistened.

76
Q

Describe the pathway of air.

A

Air…
Enters through the nasal cavity (or mouth)
Passes through the trachea
Beaches into one of the two bronchi
Passes through one of many bronchioles
Enters one of the 600 million alveoli where gas exchange occurs

77
Q

What happens in the alveoli during inhalation?

A

There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli, there is a low concentration of oxygen in the capillaries and thus oxygen diffuses into the blood.

78
Q

What happens in the alveoli during exhalation?

A

There is a low concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli, there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the capillaries and thus oxygen diffuses out of the blood.

79
Q

How does blood carry oxygen.

A

Oxygen connects to haemoglobin in the red blood cells forming oxyhemoglobin.

80
Q

How are alveoli specialised to be good at their jobs?

5

A
  • Large Surface area
  • Thin Membrane (1 Cell thick)
  • Short Diffusion Pathway
  • Layer of Moisture
  • Rich Blood Supply
81
Q

What happens to your lungs when you inhale?

A

The lung cavity increases so that air rushes in due to pressure difference.

82
Q

How does your lung cavity increase at rest?

Inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles contract, this expands the ribcage.

Diaphragm contracts, pulling downwards to expand the chest volume.

83
Q

How does your lung cavity decrease at rest?

Exhalation

A

Intercostal muscles relax, this causes the ribcage to drop inwards and downwards.
Diaphragm relaxes, moving upwards, decreasing the chest volume.

84
Q

What helps your lung cavity increase during sport?

Inhalation

A

Pectorals assist the intercostal muscles

Sternocleidomastoid pulls the sternum down to increase chest cavity.

85
Q

What helps your lung cavity decrease during sport?

Exhalation

A

Abdominals pull down the ribcage with speed to get the largest quantity of carbon dioxide out.

86
Q

Why is it important to breath harder when exercising?

A

Because you need more oxygen getting to your muscles which are working harder and you need less carbon dioxide in your lungs (taking up air pressure).

87
Q

Define Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air breathed in or out during normal breathing and at rest.

88
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the exhalation of a normal tidal volume.

89
Q

What does ERV stand for?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

90
Q

What does IRV stand for?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

91
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.

92
Q

Residual Volume

A

The amount of air that remains after a maximum expiration.

93
Q

What happens to the different lung volumes during exercise?

A

Tidal Volume - Increases
ERV - Stays the same
IRV - Stays the same
Residual Volume - Stays the same

94
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

Takes blood away from the heart.

95
Q

What is the function of an vein?

A

Takes blood to the heart.

96
Q

What is the function of an capillary?

A

Takes blood deep into the organs and muscles.

97
Q

What kind of blood do arteries carry (and what is the exception)?

A

Oxygenated

except the pulmonary artery

98
Q

What kind of blood do veins carry (and what is the exception)?

A

Deoxygenated

except the pulmonary vein

99
Q

How are arteries specialised to complete their function?

A

-a thick outer wall
-a thick layer of elastic muscle
-a narrow lumen
This allows them to deal with high pressure.
(See Figure 4)

100
Q

How are veins specialised to complete their function?

A

-a large lumen to deal with the high quantity of blood
-have valves to prevent backlog due to low pressure
(See Figure 4)

101
Q

How are capillaries specialised to complete their function?

A

-only one cell thick for easy diffusion
-very narrow so it can go deep into the muscle (only one red blood cell fits)
(See Figure 4)

102
Q

Define Vasoconstriction

A

The muscular walls construct to stem the flow of blood through the artery
(Gets tighter and smaller)

103
Q

Define Vasodilation

A

The muscular walls dilate to allow blood to flow more freely through the artery
(Gets wider and bigger)

104
Q

Define Hypothermia

A

When the body temperature drops too far (too cold)

105
Q

Define Hyperthermia

A

When the body temperature increases too much (too hot)

106
Q

Define Thermoregulation

A

The maintenance of a constant internal body temperature

107
Q

Name the four heart chambers

A

Right Atrium - Left Atrium

Right Ventricle - Left Ventricle

108
Q

Name the upper chambers of the heart

A

Atria

Right Atrium - Left Atrium

109
Q

Name the lower chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

Right Ventricle - Left Ventricle

110
Q

Describe the transportation of blood starting with deoxygenated blood entering the Heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the Heart through the Vena Cava and into the Right Atrium
It then goes through the Tricuspid valve to the Right Ventricle
It is then pumped through the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery to the lungs
Blood returns to the Heart through the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium.
It is pumped into the left Ventricle by the Mitral Valve
It is the pumped out to the body through Aortic valve and the Aorta

111
Q

Name the 4 valves

A

Tricuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve

112
Q

Name the 4 largest blood vessels in and out of the heart

A

Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta

113
Q

Define Systole

A

Heart ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries

114
Q

Define Diastole

A

Heart ventricles relax and the heart fills with blood

115
Q

What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump?

A

Deoxygenated

116
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump?

A

Oxygenated

117
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

Volume of Blood pumped out of the Heart with each beat (ml)

118
Q

Define Heart Rate

A

The amount of times your Heart beats per min (bpm)

119
Q

Define Cardiac Output

A

This is the volume of blood pumped by the Heart per minute (ml/min)

120
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?

A

Stroke Volume X Heart Rate = Cardiac Output

UK GCSE PE (6 decks)

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