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BHSC 3329 > Unit 4- Specific Resistance (Adaptive Immunity) > Flashcards

Unit 4- Specific Resistance (Adaptive Immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

where do B-cells mature?

A

in the bone marrow

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2
Q

where do T-cells mature?

A

thymus

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3
Q

what are APCs?

A

antigen presenting cells

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4
Q

what cells are professional APCs?

A

neutrophils, macrophages, T-cells and B-cells

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5
Q

how do APCs display antigens?

A

using the protein complex MHC-II, they display Ags of phagocytized pathogens on their surface

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6
Q

how do B-cells contact an antigen

A

either directly, or on the surface of an APC, then they make antibodies in response

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7
Q

what do helper T-cells do?

A

they activate B_cells and T-cells (act as managers/match-makers)

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8
Q

2 types of B-cells?

A

memory B cells, plasma B cells (the effector cells, making antibodies)

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9
Q

2 types of T cells?

A

memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells (Tc)- teh effector T cells attacking pathogen directly

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10
Q

effector cell of B cells are called…

A

plasma B-cells

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11
Q

effector cell of T cells are called.

A

cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

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12
Q

what do Abs do?

A

ANOC out punch!!

1) Agglutination
2) Neutralization
3) Opsonization
4) Complement Activation

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13
Q

aggultination?

A

some Abs stick together, clumping the target

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14
Q

neutralization

A

Abs bind the surface of a pathogen, toxin and prevent its function (prevents pathogen from moving fwd by piling on top)

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15
Q

opsonization

A

Ab-bound cells are more often phagocytized

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16
Q

complement activation

A

complement factors poke holes (MACs) to lyse membrane

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17
Q

MHC stands for…?

A

multihistocompatibility complex; it takes proteins from digested bacteria and presents on surface of a neutrophil

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18
Q

2 classes of MHC

A 
MHC Class 1- foudn on all human nucleated cells
MHC class II- found on some types of WBCs (the antigen presenting cells)
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19
Q

what are MHC genes known as?

A

HLA genes

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20
Q

antigen

A

substances, specific molecules usually proteins, that bind to lymphocyte receptors (B/Tcell)

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21
Q

epitope

A

the segment of the antigen that is recognized by lymphocyte receptors (shape is recognizable)

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22
Q

immunogens

A

agents that can provoke an immune response and react with the prodcts of that response

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23
Q

what antigens are not immunogens?

A

1) haptens (when they’re too small)
2) when they’re too similar to normal cellular proteins
3) when they either don’t have a static structure, or have a highly repeating structure

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24
Q

haptens

A

are too small, and cannot elicit an immunological response, although bound to T/B cells. HOwever, they can bind to larger molecules (carriers)

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25
Q

example of an antigen that isn’t immunogenic because of similarity to normal cell proteins?

A

streptococcus pyogenes- molecular mimickry

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26
Q

what antigens have a changing structure?

A

lipids and globular proteins with slimay, dynamic structures… they’re poorly immunogenic

27
Q

what antigens have a repeating structure?

A

starch, glycogen and other polysaccharides. they’re poorly immunogenic

28
Q

what 6 factors determine immunogenicity of an Ag?

A

chemical composition, size, complexity, genetic disparity, and processing by APCs

29
Q

proteins, carbohydrates, pure lipids— rate on immunogenicity

A

proteins are highly immunogenic, carbs are weakly and pure lipids are non-immunogenic

30
Q

pattern of size and immunogenicity of Ag?

A

larger the size, greater the immunogenicity

31
Q

structural complexity and immunogenicity of Ag?

A

greater the complexity, greater the immunogenicity

32
Q

what structure of Ag molecules are almost most immunogenic?

A

aromatic molecules (as compared to alipathic molecules)

33
Q

autograft

A

transplant from self

34
Q

isograft

A

transplant from twin

35
Q

allograft

A

transplant from unrelated person

36
Q

xenograft

A

trasnplant from animal (different species)

37
Q

autoantigens

A

when your own proteins becoem immunogenic and recognized as an antigen–> autoantibodies are produced

38
Q

alloantigens

A

antigens derived from other people (ie. blood transfusion or organ trasnplant)

39
Q

what are 2 ways of minimizing risk of genetic disparity?

A

1) umbilical cord blood biobanking– cord blood rich in hematopoietic stem cells)
2) autologous blood transfusion- bank your own blood prior to surgery so you could receive your own blood for transfusion

40
Q

adjuvants

A

factors external to the substance that can make an Ag more immunogenic. Adjuvants are agents added to vaccines to enhance the vaccines’ immunogenicty

41
Q

example of an adjuvant

A

alum and dead bacteria, as well as oil-in-water emulsion (clumps molecules together) while alum stimulates chemotaxis

42
Q

components of a vaccine:

A

1) Ag (primary
2) Adjuvant
3) Preservative

43
Q

epitope

A

immunogenic or antigenic determinants, they are part of immunogen/antigen that interact with the ag-binding site of the antibody/T-cell receptor, around 4-6 a.a. long

44
Q

what’s the most important part of an epitope?

A

its 3D shape

45
Q

immunoglobulins

A

receptors on the surface of B-cells and T-cells

46
Q

lymphocyte immunoglobins mutate during when?

A

hematopoiesis

47
Q

what is the result of immunoglobulin mutation?

A

immunoglobulin Ag binding site changes shape.. final shape is random depending on mutation

48
Q

VDJ Recombination

A

genetic recombination that consists of 3 genes: Variable, Diverse, Joining.

49
Q

how many possible epitopes are there as a result of VDJ Recombination?

A

3 x 10^11 epitopes

50
Q

example of naturally acquired active immunity

A

exposure to pathogen

51
Q

example of articficially acquired active immunity

A

exposure to vaccine

52
Q

example of naturally acquired passive immunity

A

breast feeding/Abs from mother’s placenta

53
Q

example of artificially acquired passive immunity

A

premade Abs from immune donor or purified IgGs

54
Q

what Abs do mother’s pass to babies through breast feeding?

A

IgA, but it eventually runs out and baby needs to develop own immune system

55
Q

prophylaxis

A

administer an agent to prevent disease before exposure has occured

56
Q

source of antigens? 4

A

killed whole cell or inactivated virus, lived, attenuated cells/virus, proteins or other antigenic molecules purified from pathogen, genetically engineered antigen

57
Q

pros and cons of killed/inactivated pathogens?

A

pros: almost always dead/safe. cons: does not multiply, higher dose and booster shots needed

58
Q

pros and cons of attenuted pathogen

A

pros: multiples somewhat, long lasting protection. cons: small risk of reversion to active pathogen

59
Q

examples of attenuated pathogenvaccines

A

BCG (Tb), OPV (oral polio vaccine), toxoid (Td)

60
Q

pros and cons of purified molecules

A

pros: no living pathogen, cons: ag may change shape during purification

61
Q

examples of purified molecules

A

anthrax, hep B

62
Q

pros and cons of recombinant proteins

A

pros: cheap, safe; cons: clonal, pathogen can evolve resistance easily (it only represents one protein)

63
Q

herd immunity

A

when over 95% of people in the population are immune to the infectious agent

BHSC 3329 (3 decks)

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