Unit 4 Review Flashcards
What is a survivorship curve?
A line that displays the relative survival rate of a cohort in a population from birth and death.
What is a cohort?
A group of individuals of the same age.
Describe Type I (survivorship curve)
Mostly K-Selected. High survivorship until late life.
Describe Type II (survivorship curve)
In between r and K. Steadily decreasing survivorship.
Describe Type III (survivorship curve).
Mostly r-selected. High mortality in early life; few make it to midlife; even fewer make it to adulthood.
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources).
List the three limiting resources.
Food, water, habitat
Define overshoot.
When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity.
What is the consequence of an overshoot?
Resource depletion.
Define die-off.
A sharp decrease in population size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying.
Describe what the “size” of a population is.
The total number of individuals in a given area at a given time.
Describe what the “density” of a population is.
The number of individuals/area.
Describe what the “distribution” of a population is.
How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other.
Define sex ratio.
Ratio of males to females.
What are density-dependent factors?
Factors that influence population growth based on size (food, light, competition for habitat, disease).
What are density-independent factors?
Factors that influence population growth independent of their size (natural disasters).
What is biotic potential?
The maximum potential growth rate with no limiting resources.
How do you calculate population size?
(immigrations + births) - (emigrations + deaths)
What pyramid shape indicates rapid growth?
Extreme pyramid shape
Which pyramid shape indicates slow, stable growth?
Less extreme pyramid
Which pyramid shape indicates stable, little to no growth?
House shape
Which pyramid shape indicates a declining population?
Narrowest at base.
Define total fertility rate (TFR).
Relationship between TFR and growth rate?
The average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime.
Higher TFR=higher population growth rate
Define replacement level fertility.
Which countries is this highest in?
The TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable.
Higher in less developed countries.
Define infant mortality rate (IMR).
Which countries is this the highest in?
Relationship between IMR and TFR?
The number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population.
Higher in less developed countries.
Higher IMR=higher TFR
What are the factors in IMR decline?
Access to clean water, healthcare, and a more reliable food supply. Development, affluence, government policy.
Summarize Malthusian Theory.
Earth has a carrying capacity based on food production.
List factors that increase population growth.
High TFR, high IMR, high immigration, increased access to clean water and healthcare.
List factors that decrease population growth.
High death rate, high IMR, Increased development, increased education for women, delayed age of first child, and postponement of marriage age.
What is standard of living?
What the quality of life is like for people of a country based on GDP and life expectancy.
What is the relationship between GDP, life expectancy, and standard of living?
High GDP and life expectancy are both indicators of development and low population growth.
Define industrialization.
The process of economic and social transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrial one ( manufacturing based).
What are the four stages of development status?
1) Pre-industrial. 2) Industrializing. 3) Developed/Industrialized. 4) Post-Industrialized.
