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AP Environmental Science > Unit 4 Review > Flashcards

Unit 4 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a survivorship curve?

A

A line that displays the relative survival rate of a cohort in a population from birth and death.

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2
Q

What is a cohort?

A

A group of individuals of the same age.

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3
Q

Describe Type I (survivorship curve)

A

Mostly K-Selected. High survivorship until late life.

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4
Q

Describe Type II (survivorship curve)

A

In between r and K. Steadily decreasing survivorship.

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5
Q

Describe Type III (survivorship curve).

A

Mostly r-selected. High mortality in early life; few make it to midlife; even fewer make it to adulthood.

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6
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources).

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7
Q

List the three limiting resources.

A

Food, water, habitat

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8
Q

Define overshoot.

A

When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity.

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9
Q

What is the consequence of an overshoot?

A

Resource depletion.

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10
Q

Define die-off.

A

A sharp decrease in population size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying.

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11
Q

Describe what the “size” of a population is.

A

The total number of individuals in a given area at a given time.

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12
Q

Describe what the “density” of a population is.

A

The number of individuals/area.

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13
Q

Describe what the “distribution” of a population is.

A

How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other.

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14
Q

Define sex ratio.

A

Ratio of males to females.

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15
Q

What are density-dependent factors?

A

Factors that influence population growth based on size (food, light, competition for habitat, disease).

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16
Q

What are density-independent factors?

A

Factors that influence population growth independent of their size (natural disasters).

17
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

The maximum potential growth rate with no limiting resources.

18
Q

How do you calculate population size?

A

(immigrations + births) - (emigrations + deaths)

19
Q

What pyramid shape indicates rapid growth?

A

Extreme pyramid shape

20
Q

Which pyramid shape indicates slow, stable growth?

A

Less extreme pyramid

21
Q

Which pyramid shape indicates stable, little to no growth?

A

House shape

22
Q

Which pyramid shape indicates a declining population?

A

Narrowest at base.

23
Q

Define total fertility rate (TFR).
Relationship between TFR and growth rate?

A

The average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime.

Higher TFR=higher population growth rate

24
Q

Define replacement level fertility.
Which countries is this highest in?

A

The TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable.

Higher in less developed countries.

25
Q

Define infant mortality rate (IMR).
Which countries is this the highest in?
Relationship between IMR and TFR?

A

The number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population.

Higher in less developed countries.

Higher IMR=higher TFR

26
Q

What are the factors in IMR decline?

A

Access to clean water, healthcare, and a more reliable food supply. Development, affluence, government policy.

27
Q

Summarize Malthusian Theory.

A

Earth has a carrying capacity based on food production.

28
Q

List factors that increase population growth.

A

High TFR, high IMR, high immigration, increased access to clean water and healthcare.

29
Q

List factors that decrease population growth.

A

High death rate, high IMR, Increased development, increased education for women, delayed age of first child, and postponement of marriage age.

30
Q

What is standard of living?

A

What the quality of life is like for people of a country based on GDP and life expectancy.

31
Q

What is the relationship between GDP, life expectancy, and standard of living?

A

High GDP and life expectancy are both indicators of development and low population growth.

32
Q

Define industrialization.

A

The process of economic and social transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrial one ( manufacturing based).

33
Q

What are the four stages of development status?

A

1) Pre-industrial. 2) Industrializing. 3) Developed/Industrialized. 4) Post-Industrialized.

34
Q
A

AP Environmental Science (2 decks)

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