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APES > Unit 4 Review > Flashcards

Unit 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 of Earth’s layers?

A
  1. Continental & Oceanic Crust
  2. Lithosphere (Plate Tectonics)
  3. Asthenosphere
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2
Q

What do the Earth’s layers do?

A

Move energy and matter, convention cycle

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3
Q

What are the roles of tectonic plates?

A

They shape the planet based on how they interact

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4
Q

What are the different ways plate tectonics interact with each other?

A
  1. Convergent
  2. Divergent
  3. Transform
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5
Q

What do convergent interactions cause?

A
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanoes
  • Formation of mountains
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6
Q

What do divergent interactions cause?

A
  • Earthquakes
  • Magma rising, forming new crust
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7
Q

What do transform interactions cause?

A
  • Earthquakes
  • Breaking of rock
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8
Q

What occurs in a convention cycle?

A

Heat generated in core, rises to asthenosphere, causes movement of tectonic plates

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9
Q

What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?

A

Volcanos along border of Pacific Plate, where most volcanos in the world are

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10
Q

What is soil composed of?

A

Organic and Inorganic matter
- Nutrients
- Chemical elements
- Air
- Water
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Living Organisms

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11
Q

What components of the soil create humus?

A

Bacteria, Fungi, and living organisms

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12
Q

What is humus?

A

Dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays, nutrient rich

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13
Q

What is soil Texture?

A

The ratio of the 3 different types of rock present in soil

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14
Q

What are the 3 core types of rock present in soil?

A
  1. Sand
  2. Silt
  3. Clay
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15
Q

What are the 4 main functions of soil?

A
  1. Habitat for organisms
  2. Production of organic matter
  3. Sustaining plant life
  4. Water retention
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16
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breaking of materials due to external or internal forces

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17
Q

What is erosion?

A

The movement of broken down materials

18
Q

What is deposition?

A

The accumulation of broken down materials

19
Q

How does soil form?

A
  1. Weathering of rock
  2. Pioneering simple organisms enter
  3. Layers of soil form - organic, mineral, and parent material
  4. Greater plant growth
20
Q

What are factors affecting soil formation?

A
  • Type of rock
  • Topography
  • Climatological conditions
  • Living organisms present
  • Time
21
Q

What are the 5 layers of soil?

A
  1. Organic Layer - plants
  2. Topsoil - humus
  3. Subsoil - weathered rocks, clay material
  4. Substratum - rock material
22
Q

What causes soil degredation?

A
  • Loss of topsoil
  • Compaction
  • Nutrient depletion
  • Human impact
23
Q

What does glucose rich soil produce?

A

CaCo3, calcium carbonate

24
Q

What is sand?

A

Weather and eroded coral reef

25
Q

What is silt?

A

Feltspar and quartz

26
Q

What is clay?

A

Iron, phosphorous, silicates, calcium

27
Q

What are properties of sand?

A
  • Large particle size
  • High permeability
  • High porosity
  • Low holding capacity
28
Q

What are properties of silt?

A
  • Medium particle size
  • Lower permeability
  • Lower porosity
  • High holding capacity
29
Q

What are properties of clay?

A
  • Small particle size
  • Low permeability
  • High porosity
  • High holding capacity
30
Q

What is porosity?

A

Holes and pores between particles

31
Q

What is permeability?

A

The ability of water to flow through pores

32
Q

What is holding capacity?

A

Water retention

33
Q

What is soil texture?

A

Ratio of 3 different typed of rock

34
Q

What makes a fertile soil?

A

Nutrients, water, and decomposers

35
Q

Why does clay retain a lot of nutrients?

A

Soil macronutrients are mostly positively charged and clay is mostly negatively charged

35
Q

Why does sand maintain pH levels?

A

Sand is composed of carbonates which are alkaline (have a pH higher than 7)

36
Q

What are factors that reduce fertility?

A

An imbalance of acidity, permeability, porosity
Along with poor topsoil structure, agriculture, monoculture

37
Q

What causes soil erosion?

A

Wind, water, gravity, human impacts,

38
Q

What is percolation?

A

The movement of water into the ground

39
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The movement of ions of chemicals through percolation

40
Q

What primarily causes air circulation on Earth?

A

The rotation of the Earth

41
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

Result of Earth’s rotation on weather patterns, causes storms in the Southern hemisphere turn clockwise, and storms in the Northern hemisphere turn anticlockwise

APES (3 decks)

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