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APES > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic Biodiversity

A

Genetic variation among all organisms, species, & populations

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2
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number of different species there are in an ecosystem

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3
Q

Ecological Diversity

A

The variety of ecosystems within one big geographical location

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4
Q

Hotspot

A

Are with high levels of biodiversity

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5
Q

Ecological Niche

A

A role that one organism or species is playing in an ecosystem

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6
Q

4 Methods of Measuring Biodiversity

A
  1. Richness
  2. Evenness
  3. Disparity
  4. Rarity
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7
Q

Richness

A

The amount of species

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8
Q

Evenness

A

Balance of species in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Disparity

A

Unbalance of species in an ecosystem

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10
Q

Rarity

A

When there are species that are rare in an ecosystem

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11
Q

Specialist Species

A

Animals that require very special resources to live

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12
Q

Generalist Species

A

Animals that’s eats variety of food, are adaptable

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13
Q

Indicator Species

A

An organism who’s presence, absence or abundance reflects/indicates a specific environmental condition

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14
Q

2 Reproductive Strategies

A
  1. R Strategy
  2. K Strategy
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15
Q

R Strategy

A

Produce lots of offspring, won’t take time to care for them

Higher chance of survival

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16
Q

K Strategy

A

Produce few offspring, take time to care and raise for them

Higher chance of being endangered

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17
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum amount of individuals an ecosystem can sustain

Represented with K

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18
Q

Population Overshoot

A

When population surpass carrying capacity, leads to sudden death of population

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19
Q

Ecosystem Resilience

A

Ecosystems has the ability to restore itself

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20
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

When a majority of the population dies and remaining population has to reproduce

Becomes less genetically diverse

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21
Q

Ecosystem Service

A

Everything that an ecosystem can provide

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22
Q

4 Ecosystem Services

A
  1. Supporting
  2. Cultural
  3. Provisioning
  4. Regulating
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23
Q

Supporting Service

A

Factors and services necessary for production of all other cycles and services

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24
Q

Cultural Services

A

All non-material things humans can obtain from an ecosystem

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25
Q

Provisional Services

A

Anything we can physically obtain from an ecosystem

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26
Q

Regulating Services

A

Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes

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27
Q

Island Concept

A

Any place that is isolated from surrounding ecosystems

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28
Q

3 Factors Affecting Island Diversity

A
  1. Size
  2. Distance from other ecosystems
  3. Human intervention and disurbance
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29
Q

Size

A

The larger an island is, the more ecological diversity, resources, species diversity, and niches

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30
Q

Distance from other ecosystems

A

The closer an island is, the higher chances of migration, which results in higher genetic biodiversity and exchange of DNA

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31
Q

Genetic Drift

A

The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

32
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of genes in or out of a population

33
Q

Evolution on Islands

A

Genetic drift is triggered by the interruption of gene flow

34
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

Process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats

Decreases genetic diversity

35
Q

2 Types of Ecological Tolerance

A
  1. Eury
  2. Steno
36
Q

Eury

A

Large range of tolerance

More genetically diverse species are Eury

37
Q

Steno

A

Small range of tolerance

Humans are extremely Steno

38
Q

5 Categories of Tolerance

A
  1. Thermal
  2. Hydric
  3. Haline
  4. Phagic
  5. Ecious
39
Q

Thermal

A

Temperature Range

40
Q

Hydric

A

Water Range

41
Q

Haline

A

Salinity Range

42
Q

Phagic

A

Food Range

43
Q

Ecious

A

Habitat Range

44
Q

3 Types of Natural Disaster Timing

A
  1. Periodic
  2. Episodic
  3. Random
45
Q

Periodic

A

Repeated Intervals, common

46
Q

Episodic

A

Irregular Intervals, occasional

47
Q

Random

A

Could happen at any time, rare

48
Q

Natural Climate Change

A

Climate-related changes on Earth that aren’t caused by humans

49
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

Abiotic factors changing on Earth so that they aren’t the same as they were thousands or millions of years ago

50
Q

Adaptations

A

Any change that will increase and organisms chance of survival and procreation

51
Q

4 Types of Adaptations

A
  1. Morpho
  2. Etho
  3. Eco
  4. Physio
52
Q

Morpho

A

Shape and Form

53
Q

Etho

A

Behavior

54
Q

Eco

A

Habitat

55
Q

Physio

A

Function

56
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Selective breeding of organisms to achieve a certain size, colour, taste, etc.

57
Q

Natural Selection

A

Process in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce better

58
Q

5 Causes of Genetic Drift

A
  1. Founders Effect
  2. Mutations
  3. Migrations
  4. Bottleneck Effect
  5. Sexual Selection
59
Q

Founders Effect

A

Reduction in genetic variation, occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population

60
Q

Fitness

A

Measured by a species’ ability to reproduce and spread their alleles to their offspring

61
Q

Selective Pressure

A

An evolutionary force that causes a particular phenotype to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions

62
Q

Speciation

A

The process of a new species forming

63
Q

2 Types of Speciation

A
  1. Allopatric Speciation
  2. Sympatric Speciation
64
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographical Isolation

65
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Reproductive Isolation

66
Q

Ecological Succession

A

The process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time

67
Q

Predictable Stages

A

Changes to an ecosystem that are expected to or will happen

68
Q

Primary Succession

A

Starting from bare rock all the way to a full ecosystem

69
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Starting from a certain stage due to unatural changes

70
Q

Successional Species

A

Species that arrive in different stages of succession

71
Q

4 Types of Successional Species

A
  1. Pioneering Species
  2. Early Successional Community
  3. Mid-Successional Community
  4. Climax Community
72
Q

Pioneering Species

A

Hardy species that are the first to colonize barren environments

Ex. Moss, Lichen, Fungi

73
Q

Early Successional Communities

A

Species that are present during the early succession stage

74
Q

Mid-Successional Communities

A

Species that are present during the mid-successional stage

75
Q

Climax Community

A

An ecological community in which organisms remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment

APES (3 decks)

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