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Biology > UNIT 4 - Populations > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - Populations Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the two major processes which should be considered when thinking about ecosystems?

A

The flow of energy

The cycling of elements

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1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An area made up of all the interacting biotic and abiotic features

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of interbreeding organisms of one species in a habitat.

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3
Q

What is a community?

A

All the populations of different organisms living and interacting in a particular place at the same time

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4
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where a community of organisms live

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5
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

How an organism fits into the environment

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6
Q

What is an abundance?

A

The counting of the number of individuals of a species in a given space

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7
Q

What are the sampling techniques for the study of habitats?

A

Random sampling using frame quadrants or point quadrants

Systematic sampling along transects

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8
Q

What are the factors which are needed to be considered when using quadrants?

A

Size of quadrat
Number of quadrats
Position of each quadrat

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9
Q

What is the technique used to gain a random sample?

A
  1. Lay out two long tape measures at right angles along the study area
  2. Obtain series of coordinates by using random number generator
  3. Place quadrat at this intersection
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10
Q

What is the advantage of using systematic sampling compared to random sampling?

A

See progression of abundance of organisms through studied area

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11
Q

What is the technique behind collecting a systematic sample?

A

Use of a line transect in which every organism over the line is recorded while a belt transect would have all organisms recorded in the belt

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12
Q

How do you carry out the mark-release-recapture technique?

A

Known number of animals are caught, marked then recaptured with numbers collected being put in an equation

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13
Q

What is the mark-release-recapture equation?

A

Estimated population size = total no. of individuals in 1st sample x total no. in 2nd sample / number of marked individuals recaptured

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14
Q

What is immigration?

A

Where individuals join a population from outside

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15
Q

What is emigration?

A

Where individuals leave a population

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16
Q

What is the equation for population growth?

A

Births + immigration - deaths + emigration

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17
Q

What is the equation for percentage population growth rate (in a given period)?

A

Population change during the period / population at the start of the period x 100

18
Q

Give some factors which affect birth rates?

A

Economic conditions, Cultural and religious backgrounds, social pressures and conditions, birth control and political factors

19
Q

What is the equation for birth rate?

A

Birth Rate = number of births per year/ total population in same year X 100

20
Q

Give some factors which affect death rates?

A

Age profile, life expectancy at birth, food supply, safe drinking water & sanitation, medical care, natural disasters and war

21
Q

What is the equation for death rate?

A

Death Rate = number of deaths per year/ total population in the same year X 100

22
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

The ability to do work

23
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules

24
Q

What are some reasons for why organisms need energy?

A

Metabolism, movement, active transport, maintenance, repair & division, production of substances and maintenance of body temperature

25
Q

How is ATP converted to ADP?

A

Hydrolysis reaction = ATP + H20 will produce ADP + Pi + energy

26
Q

How can ADP be converted to ATP?

A

By means of a condensation reaction which will remove the water which was added initially to ATP to produce ADP

27
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 with the addition of light produces C6H12O6 + 6O2

28
Q

What are the structures within a chloroplast?

A

A Grana which has stacks of up to 100 disc like structures called thylakoids
The Stroma which is a fluid-filled matrix

29
Q

How would you describe the making of ATP?

A

Chlorophyll molecule absorbs light energy, boosts energy of two electrons to the next higher energy level. They’ve been excited to such a degree they leave the chlorophyll molecule and are taken up by an electron carrier.
Electrons are passed along a number of electron accepters losing energy each time which is used in the condensation reaction

30
Q

What is the equation for the photolysis of water?

A

2H2O produces 4H-+4e-+O2

31
Q

What are the stages of the Calvin Cycle?

A

1) CO2 diffuses into leaf through stomata
2) CO2 combines with 5 carbon compound ribulose bisphosphate in the Stroma
3) This combination produces 2x 3 carbon glycerate 3-phosphate
4) ATP and reduced NADP from light dependent reaction reduce the glycerate 3-phosphate to triose phosphate
5) NADP reformed and goes back to light dependent reaction to be reduced
6) some Triose is converted to useful substances such as glucose
7) Most triose are used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate using ATP from light-dependent reaction

32
Q

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, link reaction, kerbs cycle, electron transport chain

33
Q

What are the stages of glycolysis?

A

Activation of glucose by phosphorylation, splitting of the phosphorylated glucose, oxidation of triose phosphate, production of ATP

34
Q

What is the activation of glucose by phosphorylation?

A

Glucose must be more reactive by addition of two phosphate molecules. The phosphate molecules come from hydrolysis of two ATP molecules to ADP. This provides energy to activate glucose

35
Q

What is the splitting of phosphorylated glucose?

A

Each glucose molecule is split into 2 3-carbon molecules - triose phosphate

36
Q

What is the oxidation of triose phosphate?

A

Hydrogen is removed from each of the triose phosphate molecules and is accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD

37
Q

What is the overall yield from one glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis?

A

Two molecules of ATP, Two molecules of reduced NAD, two molecules of pyruvate

38
Q

What is the equation of the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA produces acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2

39
Q

What are the processes in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate oxidised by removing hydrogen which is accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD, acetyl group combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A, CO2 molecule formed from each pyruvate

40
Q

What are the stages of the Krebs cycle?

A

2- carbon acetyl coenzyme A combines with 4-carbon molecule to produce 6-carbon molecule
6-carbon molecule loses CO2 and hydrogens to give 4-carbon molecule and a single ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
4-carbon molecule can now combine with new molecule of acetyl coenzyme A to begin cycle again

41
Q

For each molecule of pyruvate, what do the link reaction and Krebs cycle produce?

A

Reduced coenzymes: NAD and FAD
1x ATP
3x CO2

42
Q

What is the role of the Krebs Cycle?

A
  • breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones
  • Produces hydrogen atoms carried by NAD to electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation
  • regenerates 4 carbon-molecule that combines with acetyl coenzyme A
43
Q

What is the process of the electron transport chain?

A
  • the hydrogen atoms produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combine with FAD and NAD
  • reduced FAD and NAD donate the electrons from the hydrogen atoms and give it to the first molecule on the chain
  • This releases protons from the hydrogen which actively transport across inner mitochondrial membrane
  • Electrons pass along chain in series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Electrons lose energy on every level which converts ADP to ATP
  • Electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form a water molecule - oxygen is the final acceptor.

Biology (16 decks)

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