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Unit 3/4 Geography 2024 > Unit 4- Population Dynamics > Flashcards

Unit 4- Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The number of births per 1000 people per year in a population.

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2
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

The average number of births per woman of child-bearing age.

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3
Q

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year in a population.

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4
Q

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A

The average number of deaths of persons less than one year of age per 1000 live births in a year.

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5
Q

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

A

The average number of deaths of children below the age of 5 (including infants) per 1000 live births per year.

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6
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

A

The number of mothers who die bc of pregnancy-related conditions or within 42 days of termination of a pregnancy.

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7
Q

Life Expectancy (LE)

A

The average number of years a person can be expected to live from birth.

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8
Q

Child-bearing age:

A

15-49 years old

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9
Q

Replacement rate

A

Fertility rate at which a population neither grows or shrinks (the global average is 2.1 babies per woman)

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10
Q

Population Momentum

A

A population continues to grow despite a relatively low fertility rate. As more people, born in previous years of high fertility, move into their reproductive years the population grows as more babies are born from a large base population.

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11
Q

Demography

A

The statistical study of human populations, especially with reference to size and density, distribution and vital statistics (births, deaths, marriages)

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12
Q

Population distribution

A

The spread of a population across different scales (where ppl are located), distribution is either clustered/ concentrated/ scattered or dispersed)

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13
Q

Population density

A

The no. ppl living in an area (usually per km^2). Either dense or sparse

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14
Q

2 elements of population change

A

Natural change
Migration change

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15
Q

Natural change def.

A

The difference b/w births and deaths

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16
Q

Migration change def.

A

The difference b/w immigration and emigration

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17
Q

Country pop change =

A

(births and immigration)- (deaths and emigration)

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18
Q

Dependent population def

A

The percentage of very young and very old people within a population that relies on the working population for support

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19
Q

Age cohort def

A

A measurement of age groups, usually in five years, used in population pyramids

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20
Q

Ageing population def

A

A population in which the proportion of people in the older cohorts is increasing

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21
Q

Baby boom def

A

Term given to the rise in birth rates following the end of WWII, in Australia it refers to babies born b/w 1946 and 1966

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22
Q

Replacement rate def

A

The fertility rate (average 2.1 babies) required for women within a given population in order to maintain the size of that population

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23
Q

Demographic transition model def

A

A method that shows the various stages through which populations may pass

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24
Q

Age structure def

A

the percentage of ppl at each level within a given population

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25
Q

Population doubling time

A

The number of years required for a population to double in size

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26
Q

Zero population growth def

A

Where the birth rate equals the death rate and the population remains stable

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27
Q

Population pyramid def

A

A bar graph showing the distribution by gender and age groups of a given population

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28
Q

Reasons for high birth rate in LEDC

A
  • High IMR and CMR- parents have more children to ensure some survive to adulthood
  • Children as economic assets e.g. farmhands
  • Children, esp sons, provide support to parents in old age
  • Limited access to contraception
  • Women have little choice about family size and planning
  • Religious beliefs
  • Pro-natalist govt. policies
  • Success equate with large families
29
Q

Reasons for low birth rates in MEDC

A
  • Low IMR and CMR
  • Children are seen as economic liabilities
  • Welfare systems and superannuation support parents in old age
  • Access and knowledge of contraception
  • Women better educated- pursue a career
  • Pro-natalist religious beliefs rejected by young couples
  • Social success not equated with family size
30
Q

Incentives by the French govt. to increase birth rates

A
  • Family allowance system
  • Tax incentives and financial aid
  • Monthly benefits
31
Q

Reasons for low birth rate in South Korea

A
  • Focus on careers, more women pursuing careers
  • Workplaces X support parents to leave to care for children
  • Decreasing marriage rates
32
Q

Impacts of low BR in South Korea

A
  • TFR below replacement rate
  • National extinction risk
  • Top threat to economic growth
33
Q

Why has life expectancy increased globally?

A
  • Increased knowledge and spread of vaccines e.g. TB, malaria
  • Increased safe water
  • Green revolution increased food supply + security
34
Q

Why do women generally live longer than men?

A
  • Boy tend to have higher IMR as more likely to be premature/ more susceptible to disease + genetic disorders
  • Youth death rates generally higher among boys e.g. due to suicide, accidents, violence, poison
  • Older age death rates are higher among men e.g. due to smoking, alcoholism, drug use/ occupational risks e.g. melanoma from sun exposure
35
Q

3 Age categories

A

0-14= young dependent
15-65= economically-active
65+= old dependents

36
Q

Height of pop pyramid

A

LE

37
Q

Slope of pop pyramid

A

DR

38
Q

Width base of pop pyramic

A

BR

39
Q

Uneven proportions b/w men and women/ kinks in pop pyramid

A
  • War/ conflict= more men die in war
  • Migration- young, working men may migrate to places such as the UAE for work
  • Women have a longer life expectancy than man
  • Parents may choose to selectively abort daughters in favor of sons
40
Q

Who developed Malthusian theory?

A

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Early demographer and English clergyman
Wrote ‘Essay on the Principle of Population’ 1798

41
Q

What is the Malthusian theory?

A

The population grows exponential, while supply growth is linear. This would eventually result in pop growth outpacing supply and food growth, causing a Malthusian crisis point to be reached, after which the pop would decrease and eventually recover to a sustainable level.

42
Q

Stages of DTM

A

1- High stationary
2- Early expanding
3- Late expanding
4- Low stationary
5- Declining

43
Q

Stage 1 of DTM

A

High stationary
High BR
High DR
Low total pop

44
Q

Stage 1DTM example

A

Rural Sierra Leone

45
Q

Stage 2 DTM

A

Early expanding
High BR
Rapidly declining DR
Rapidly increasing total population

46
Q

Stage 2 DTM example

A

Kenya

47
Q

Stage 3 DTM

A

Rapidly declining BR
Slightly declining DR
Increasing total population, starting to slow

48
Q

Stage 3 DTM example

A

Brazil

49
Q

Stage 4 DTM

A

Very low/declining birth rate
Very low death rate
Stable total population

50
Q

Stage 5 DTM

A

Declining BR
Stable DR
Decreasing total population

51
Q

Stage 4 DTM example

A

Australia

52
Q

Stage 5 DTM example

A

Germany/ Japan

53
Q

4 types of pull factors

A
  1. Economic opportunities
  2. Political
  3. Cultural
  4. Environmental
54
Q

Barriers to migration

A

Govt. policies
Terrain
Expense, cost
Visas/ legality
Physical barriers e.g. walls, oceans

55
Q

Factors making migration easier

A

Increased travel tech e.g. planes, trains, boats, cars.
Programs to support migrants during settlement
People from source countries already being there

56
Q

Forced migration def

A

Person has no choice but to leave

57
Q

Voluntary migration def

A

Ppl. choose to leave

58
Q

Internal migration

A

Movement within a country

59
Q

International migration

A

Movement from one country to another

60
Q

Examples of voluntary migration

A

Employment
Pioneers
Trade
Territorial expansion
Better climate, lifestyle, family + friends

61
Q

Examples of forced migration

A
  • Religious or political persecution
  • War
  • Forced labour/ slavery
  • Natural disasters
  • Overpopulation
  • Convict transport
62
Q

Low migration agency

A

In response to forces that an individual cannot control

63
Q

High migration agency

A

The result of a personal choice

63
Q

Difference b/w refugees and asylum seekers

A

Refugees are forcibly-displaced people who have left their country of origin whereas asylum seekers have not been verified as a refugee, so may not have the same rights

64
Q

3 responses to refugees

A
  1. refugee camps
  2. repatriation to orithe gin country once safe
  3. Resettlement into host country
64
Q

Current relevance of the Malthusian theory

A

Many countries have experienced Malthusian checks due to overpopulation and lack or resources. E.g. Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria have experienced famine.
Depletion of finite resources e.g. fossil fuels, timber due to over-consumption.
COVID-19 as a Malthusian check> crowded conditions worsened its spread.
Neo-Malthusian e.g. the One Child Policy in China

65
Q

Why the Malthusian theory is not longer very relevant

A

Malthus was unable to foreseee technological advancements which would mitigate crises points. He did not foresee increased food supply from the Green Revolution (fertilizers, farm machinery), the Blue Revolution and genetic modifications e.g. Golden Rice.
Food shortages are often not caused by underproduction, but by uneven distribution of food globally.

66
Q

Spatial distribution b/w aging population + high BR, high DR

A

More-economically developed countries may have an aging population due to higher life expectancies> more people living into old age.
The death rate may thus be higher as more people are dying from old-age- related conditions.
The birth rate in these regions may be low due to access to contraception, low IMR and low CMR, high levels of female education

Unit 3/4 Geography 2024 (6 decks)

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