Unit 4- Population Dynamics Flashcards
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of births per 1000 people per year in a population.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of births per woman of child-bearing age.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year in a population.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The average number of deaths of persons less than one year of age per 1000 live births in a year.
Child Mortality Rate (CMR)
The average number of deaths of children below the age of 5 (including infants) per 1000 live births per year.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
The number of mothers who die bc of pregnancy-related conditions or within 42 days of termination of a pregnancy.
Life Expectancy (LE)
The average number of years a person can be expected to live from birth.
Child-bearing age:
15-49 years old
Replacement rate
Fertility rate at which a population neither grows or shrinks (the global average is 2.1 babies per woman)
Population Momentum
A population continues to grow despite a relatively low fertility rate. As more people, born in previous years of high fertility, move into their reproductive years the population grows as more babies are born from a large base population.
Demography
The statistical study of human populations, especially with reference to size and density, distribution and vital statistics (births, deaths, marriages)
Population distribution
The spread of a population across different scales (where ppl are located), distribution is either clustered/ concentrated/ scattered or dispersed)
Population density
The no. ppl living in an area (usually per km^2). Either dense or sparse
2 elements of population change
Natural change
Migration change
Natural change def.
The difference b/w births and deaths
Migration change def.
The difference b/w immigration and emigration
Country pop change =
(births and immigration)- (deaths and emigration)
Dependent population def
The percentage of very young and very old people within a population that relies on the working population for support
Age cohort def
A measurement of age groups, usually in five years, used in population pyramids
Ageing population def
A population in which the proportion of people in the older cohorts is increasing
Baby boom def
Term given to the rise in birth rates following the end of WWII, in Australia it refers to babies born b/w 1946 and 1966
Replacement rate def
The fertility rate (average 2.1 babies) required for women within a given population in order to maintain the size of that population
Demographic transition model def
A method that shows the various stages through which populations may pass
Age structure def
the percentage of ppl at each level within a given population
Population doubling time
The number of years required for a population to double in size
Zero population growth def
Where the birth rate equals the death rate and the population remains stable
Population pyramid def
A bar graph showing the distribution by gender and age groups of a given population
Reasons for high birth rate in LEDC
- High IMR and CMR- parents have more children to ensure some survive to adulthood
- Children as economic assets e.g. farmhands
- Children, esp sons, provide support to parents in old age
- Limited access to contraception
- Women have little choice about family size and planning
- Religious beliefs
- Pro-natalist govt. policies
- Success equate with large families
Reasons for low birth rates in MEDC
- Low IMR and CMR
- Children are seen as economic liabilities
- Welfare systems and superannuation support parents in old age
- Access and knowledge of contraception
- Women better educated- pursue a career
- Pro-natalist religious beliefs rejected by young couples
- Social success not equated with family size
Incentives by the French govt. to increase birth rates
- Family allowance system
- Tax incentives and financial aid
- Monthly benefits
Reasons for low birth rate in South Korea
- Focus on careers, more women pursuing careers
- Workplaces X support parents to leave to care for children
- Decreasing marriage rates
Impacts of low BR in South Korea
- TFR below replacement rate
- National extinction risk
- Top threat to economic growth
Why has life expectancy increased globally?
- Increased knowledge and spread of vaccines e.g. TB, malaria
- Increased safe water
- Green revolution increased food supply + security
Why do women generally live longer than men?
- Boy tend to have higher IMR as more likely to be premature/ more susceptible to disease + genetic disorders
- Youth death rates generally higher among boys e.g. due to suicide, accidents, violence, poison
- Older age death rates are higher among men e.g. due to smoking, alcoholism, drug use/ occupational risks e.g. melanoma from sun exposure
3 Age categories
0-14= young dependent
15-65= economically-active
65+= old dependents
Height of pop pyramid
LE
Slope of pop pyramid
DR
Width base of pop pyramic
BR
Uneven proportions b/w men and women/ kinks in pop pyramid
- War/ conflict= more men die in war
- Migration- young, working men may migrate to places such as the UAE for work
- Women have a longer life expectancy than man
- Parents may choose to selectively abort daughters in favor of sons
Who developed Malthusian theory?
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Early demographer and English clergyman
Wrote ‘Essay on the Principle of Population’ 1798
What is the Malthusian theory?
The population grows exponential, while supply growth is linear. This would eventually result in pop growth outpacing supply and food growth, causing a Malthusian crisis point to be reached, after which the pop would decrease and eventually recover to a sustainable level.
Stages of DTM
1- High stationary
2- Early expanding
3- Late expanding
4- Low stationary
5- Declining
Stage 1 of DTM
High stationary
High BR
High DR
Low total pop
Stage 1DTM example
Rural Sierra Leone
Stage 2 DTM
Early expanding
High BR
Rapidly declining DR
Rapidly increasing total population
Stage 2 DTM example
Kenya
Stage 3 DTM
Rapidly declining BR
Slightly declining DR
Increasing total population, starting to slow
Stage 3 DTM example
Brazil
Stage 4 DTM
Very low/declining birth rate
Very low death rate
Stable total population
Stage 5 DTM
Declining BR
Stable DR
Decreasing total population
Stage 4 DTM example
Australia
Stage 5 DTM example
Germany/ Japan
4 types of pull factors
- Economic opportunities
- Political
- Cultural
- Environmental
Barriers to migration
Govt. policies
Terrain
Expense, cost
Visas/ legality
Physical barriers e.g. walls, oceans
Factors making migration easier
Increased travel tech e.g. planes, trains, boats, cars.
Programs to support migrants during settlement
People from source countries already being there
Forced migration def
Person has no choice but to leave
Voluntary migration def
Ppl. choose to leave
Internal migration
Movement within a country
International migration
Movement from one country to another
Examples of voluntary migration
Employment
Pioneers
Trade
Territorial expansion
Better climate, lifestyle, family + friends
Examples of forced migration
- Religious or political persecution
- War
- Forced labour/ slavery
- Natural disasters
- Overpopulation
- Convict transport
Low migration agency
In response to forces that an individual cannot control
High migration agency
The result of a personal choice
Difference b/w refugees and asylum seekers
Refugees are forcibly-displaced people who have left their country of origin whereas asylum seekers have not been verified as a refugee, so may not have the same rights
3 responses to refugees
- refugee camps
- repatriation to orithe gin country once safe
- Resettlement into host country
Current relevance of the Malthusian theory
Many countries have experienced Malthusian checks due to overpopulation and lack or resources. E.g. Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Nigeria have experienced famine.
Depletion of finite resources e.g. fossil fuels, timber due to over-consumption.
COVID-19 as a Malthusian check> crowded conditions worsened its spread.
Neo-Malthusian e.g. the One Child Policy in China
Why the Malthusian theory is not longer very relevant
Malthus was unable to foreseee technological advancements which would mitigate crises points. He did not foresee increased food supply from the Green Revolution (fertilizers, farm machinery), the Blue Revolution and genetic modifications e.g. Golden Rice.
Food shortages are often not caused by underproduction, but by uneven distribution of food globally.
Spatial distribution b/w aging population + high BR, high DR
More-economically developed countries may have an aging population due to higher life expectancies> more people living into old age.
The death rate may thus be higher as more people are dying from old-age- related conditions.
The birth rate in these regions may be low due to access to contraception, low IMR and low CMR, high levels of female education
