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LIFESC Grade 10: Strand 1 > Unit 4- Plant Tissues > Flashcards

Unit 4- Plant Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is division of labour?

A

Specialization of cells to carry out a specific function

- tissues are structurally adapted to perform a specific function

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

Many tissues grouped together to form a structure with a specific function

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs with closely related structures working together to perform a specific function

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4
Q

What is meristematic tissue?

A
  1. Actively dividing cells forming new cells through mitosis
  2. Cells are not yet differentiated/ specialized to perform a specific function
  3. Found in growth regions of plant: root, stem + shoot
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5
Q

What is permanent tissue?

A
  1. Derived from meristematic tissue

2. Result of cell enlargement + cell differentiation ( has a specific function)

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6
Q

What is simple tissue?

A
  1. Cells of the same type
  2. Perform the same function
    - parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma
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7
Q

What is complex tissue?

A
  1. Cells of different types
  2. Perform more than one function
    - epidermal tissue, vascular tissue
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8
Q

What is the structure of apical meristems?

A
  1. Small + cubic
  2. Thin- walled
  3. Large, prominent nucleus
  4. Dense cytoplasm
  5. No vacuoles
  6. No intercellular spaces
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9
Q

What is the function of apical meristems?

A

Primary growth

- increase in stem and root length

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10
Q

Where are apical meristems found?

A

Tips of roots and shoots

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11
Q

Where are lateral meristems found?

A
  1. Sides of roots ad stems

2. Cambium- found between xylem and phloem in vascular bundles

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12
Q

What is the structure of lateral meristems?

A
  1. Long and flattened
  2. Thin-walled
  3. Large, prominent nucleus
  4. Dense cytoplasm
  5. Numerous small vacuoles
  6. No intercellular spaces
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13
Q

What is the function of lateral meristems?

A
  1. Secondary growth- increase in width of plant
  2. Vascular cambium- produce xylem + phloem
    - increase diameter of stems
    and roots in perennials
  3. Cork cambium- thick layer of bark in stems
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14
Q

Where is epidermal tissue found?

A

• covers the surface of a plant organ

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15
Q

Structure of the epidermal cell?

A
  1. Thick outer wall
  2. Only 1 cell layer thick
  3. Tightly packed together
  4. May be modified
    - stomata of leaves
    - root hairs of roots
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16
Q

What are the functions of epidermal tissue?

A
  1. Protection of plant organs from desiccation & physical damage
  2. Produces cuticle layer- prevents plant from losing water through transpiration
  3. Single, transparent layer without chloroplasts
    - allows light to penetrate mesophyll tissue
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17
Q

What is stomata?

A
  1. Tiny opening on a leaf
  2. Formed by guard cells ( modified epidermal cells)
  3. Found mainly in lower epidermis of leaves
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18
Q

Structure of stomata?

A
  1. Unevenly thickened walls
    - inner (ventral) thicker than outer (dorsal) wall
  2. Chloroplasts - not transparent
  3. Stoma- pairs of bean shaped cells
  4. Stomata like pore
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19
Q

Function of stomata?

A
  1. Regulates/ controls gaseous exchange + transpiration by opening and closing of he stomata like core
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20
Q

Where are root hairs found?

A

Roots

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21
Q

Structure of root hairs?

A

Unicellular outgrowths

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22
Q

Function of root hairs?

A

Outgrowths- increase surface area for water absorption

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23
Q

Where is parenchyma tissue found?

A
  1. In all plant organs
    - pith + cortex of stem
    - roots
    - mesophyll of leaves
  2. Forms bulk of leaves
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24
Q

What is parenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Simplest type of living tissue
  2. Living cells
  3. Basic tissue of plants
  4. Can be elongated in one plane
    - e.g. Palisade cells in leaf
    • aerenchyma- parenchyma tissue of plants growing in waterlogged soils
    • chlorenchyma- parenchyma cells with chloroplasts
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25
Q

What is the structure of parenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Large vacuoles when mature
  2. Thin permeable cellulose walls
    - lateral movement of water and minerals
  3. Large intercellular airspace = loosely packed
    - allow for gases (CO2 & O2) to circulate
  4. Isodiametric
    - sponge cells
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26
Q

Function of parenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Packing tissue- fills spaces between other tissues
  2. Storage tissue- stores water/ sugar/ starch in roots, stems or leaves
  3. Intercellular air spaces store gases for photosynthesis + respiration
    - spaces allow water to pass through
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27
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of specialized cells with similar structures which perform one or more specific functions
- can be made from same cells or different cells
• Parenchyma= ground tissue vs xylem +phloem= vascular tissue

28
Q

What is chlorenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Specialized parenchyma cells with chloroplasts
  2. Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  3. Forms bulk of leaves
29
Q

What is the function of chlorenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Palisade mesophyll cells: many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  2. Spongy mesophyll cells: many airspaces allowing gaseous exchange
30
Q

What is collenchyma tissue and where is it found?

A
  1. Supporting tissue made up of living mature cells
  2. Found in young herbaceous stems under epidermis of leaves and stems
    &
  3. In young herbaceous cells
31
Q

Structure of collenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Unevenly thickened cell walls
    - corners thicker than rest of cell wall
  2. Adapted for support of growing organs = flexible thickenings
    - good strengthening- as it strengthens, it allows other tissues to grow
  3. 2 structural differences between it and parenchyma:
    • it is longer
    •unevenly thickened
32
Q

Function of collenchyma?

A
  1. Mechanical strengthening
  2. Support
  3. Protection
    Of leaves and stems
33
Q

What is sclerenchyma tissue and where is it found?

A
  1. Tissue made up of dead mature cells

2. Found in fruits, seeds, stems and leaves of plants

34
Q

Structure of sclerenchyma?

A
  1. Evenly thickened wall formed by cellulose and lignin secreted by protoplast
  2. Has lumen which formed by a gap left by dead protoplasm
    - the lignin is impermeable to water, therefore the cell contents die
35
Q

Function of sclerenchyma?

A
  1. Strengthening

2. Protection

36
Q

What are sclerenchyma fibers and where are they found?

A
  1. Cannot undergo mitosis
    - when mature their protoplast a disappear
  2. Occur in groups
  3. Common in vascular tissue where elongation has stopped
  4. Found in xylem and phloem
  5. Found in leaves, stem, root and fruit
37
Q

Structures of sclerenchyma fibers?

A
  1. Elongated
  2. Pointed tips
  3. Narrow lumen
  4. Lignified cell walls
  5. Tapered end walls which interlock
  6. Tough & strong but flexible
  7. Elastic- able to stretch a lot and return to its original length
38
Q

Function of sclerenchyma tissue?

A
  1. Strength
  2. Support
  3. Protection
    Especially in vascular bundles
39
Q

Economic importance of sclerenchyma fibers?

A
  1. Jute
  2. Flax
  3. Sisal
    Make
  4. Rope
  5. Twine
  6. Linen
40
Q

Where are sclereids found?

A
  1. Protective outer coverings of seeds
  2. Cortex of stems
  3. Hard shells of fruits
41
Q

Structure of sclereids?

A
  1. Not elongated
  2. Various shapes
  3. Thick, Lignified cell walls
  4. Prominent pits
  5. Heavily Lignified cell walls
    - lumen may be small/ completely filled in by cell walls
42
Q

Function of sclereids?

A
  1. Strength
  2. Support
  3. Protection
    In fruits and nuts
43
Q

Difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells?

A

Collenchyma. Sclerenchyma
Cell. •flexible. •strong
Wall. • non-Lignified •hard & rigid
•Lignified

Proto- •living •none (mature)
Plasm. • able to divide through. •more permanent
Mitosis. •incapable of cell
division

44
Q

What is permanent compound tissue?

A
  1. Composed of more than 1 type of cell
45
Q

Function of vascular/ conducting tissue?

A
  1. Conduct substances in liquid form
46
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A
  1. Xylem & phloem
  2. Discrete structures in plant stems
  3. Can also include cambium
47
Q

Function of xylem?

A
  1. Transports water & dissolved mineral salts from roots to stem
  2. Strength
  3. Support
48
Q

Where is xylem found?

A

In vascular bundles of roots, stems and leaves

49
Q

Structure of xylem?

A
  1. Unevenly thickened with lignin

2. No cross walls/ perforated cross walls

50
Q

What are xylem vessel elements and where are they found?

A
  1. Non-living mature vessels (protoplasm dies)

2. Found in xylem tissue of roots stems and leaves

51
Q

Xylem vessel structure?

A
  1. Elongated cylindrical cells
  2. Long tubular structure
  3. Perforated cross walls
    - join end to end to for long tubes
  4. Cell walls thickened by lignin
  5. Have pits for lateral transport of water
52
Q

Function of xylem vessels?

A

Primary
1. Most important cell for transport of water & mineral salts from roots to plant
- form continuous hollow conducting tubes for rapid transport of mineral solutes.
Secondary
2. Strength & support ( due to its thickened cell walls
3. Forms wood in woody plants

53
Q

What is a reached and where is it found?

A
  1. Non- living mature cell

2. Found between xylem tissues- roots, stems and leaves

54
Q

Structure of a xylem tracheid?

A
  1. Elongated, spindle shaped
  2. Tapered ends which overlap
  3. Non- perforated cross walls
  4. Cell walls thickened by lignin
  5. Do not form continuous tubes
  6. Pits- lateral transport of water
55
Q

Function of tracheid? (Xylem)

A
  1. Part of translocation of water and dissolved mineral salts from roots to parts of plants
  2. Strength & support (due to its thickened cell walls)
56
Q

What is xylem parenchyma?

A

• found between xylem vessels & tracheids within xylem tissues of roots stems and leaves
1. Store various substances

57
Q

What are xylem fibers?

A

• between xylem vessels and tracheids within xylem tissue of roots stems and leaves
• xylem fibers ARE sclerenchyma fibers
1. Strength & support
- esp. In stems & branches

58
Q

What is phloem and where is it found?

A
  1. Conducts food substances such as glucose from leaves ( where photosynthesis takes place) to storage organs & growing regions
    • found in vascular bundles of roots, stems and leaves
59
Q

What are sieve tube elements and where are they found?

A
  1. Living cells when mature

2. Found within phloem tissues of roots, stems and leaves

60
Q

What is the structure of sieve tubes?

A
  1. Elongated + cylindrical
  2. Outside lined with cytoplasm (thin layer)
    - very large vacuoles
  3. Thin primary cellulose walls
  4. No nuclei + most organelles
  5. Metabolically active
  6. Pits with plasmodesmata
  7. Perforated cross walls
    - between mature individual cells
    - highly perforated=form sieve plate
    - sieve pores= pores in plates
61
Q

Function of sieve tubes?

A
  1. Most important cells for translocation of dissolved organic food from leaves to aerial and other parts of plants
62
Q

What is the companion cell and where is it found?

A
  1. Controls function of sieve tube

2. Next to sieve tubes + phloem tissue of roots, stems + leaves

63
Q

What is the structure of companion cells?

A
  1. Highly modified parenchyma cells
  2. Relatively small
  3. Thin cell wall
  4. Large nucleus
  5. Pits with plasmodesmata
64
Q

What is the function of the companion cell?

A
  1. Role in translocation of food

2. Nucleus of companion cell controls metabolic activities of surrounding sieve tubes

65
Q

What is phloem parenchyma?

A
  1. Found in phloem tissue of roots, stems and leaves

2. Stores various substances

66
Q

What are phloem fibers?

A
  1. In phloem tissue of roots, stems and leaves
  2. Phloem fibers= sclerenchyma fibers
  3. They give strength and support, especially in stems and branches

LIFESC Grade 10: Strand 1 (5 decks)

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