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LIFESC Grade 10: Strand 1 > Unit 4- Mammalian Tissue > Flashcards

Unit 4- Mammalian Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

What is the function epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covers and protects underlying tissue from damage/ injury/ germs/ drying out
    - forms a continuous sheet of cells covering external and internal surfaces of body
    - attached to underlying tissue by basement membrane
    - does not contain blood vessels
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3
Q

Location of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Epithelium- outside
    - covers the body
  2. Endothelium - inside
    - lines body cavities, passages and ducts
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4
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A
  1. number of layers

2. shape of cell

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5
Q

Where is squamous tissue found?

A

Inner lining of:

  1. mouth
  2. Vagina
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Blood vessels
  5. Alveoli
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6
Q

What is the structure of squamous epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Single layer of thin, flat, closely packed cells with a large surface area
  2. Spherical central nuclei
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7
Q

What are the functions of squamous epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Quick and efficient diffusion of substances

2. Protect and support underlying tissue

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8
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Small intestine
  3. Urethra
  4. Vas deferens
  5. Prostate gland
  6. Uterus
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9
Q

What is the structure of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. Single layer of column shaped closely packed cells

2. Oval nucleus near base

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10
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. Absorb nutrients
  2. Produce secretions
    Protect and support underlying cells
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11
Q

How is a goblet cell shaped to suit its functions?

A
  1. Cup shaped
    - trap dust and germs
    - secrete mucus to keep structure moist
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12
Q

Where is violated columnar epithelium found?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchi
  4. Fallopian tubes
  5. Vas deferens
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13
Q

What is the structure of ciliated columnar epithelium?

A
  1. Columnar epithelium with cilia on free surface

2. Can have goblet cells

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14
Q

What are the functions of ciliated columnar epithelium?

A
  1. Filter air

2. Movement of substances

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15
Q

Where is columnar epithelium with microvilli found?

A
  1. Small intestine
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16
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Microscopic hair-like folds

1. Increase surface area for substance/ nutrient absorption

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17
Q

What is the structure of columnar epithelium with microvilli?

A
  1. Elongated cells
  2. Microvilli on free surface
  3. Free and highly folded
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18
Q

Where are cuboidal/ glandular cells found?

A
  1. Line ducts and glands
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19
Q

Structure of cuboidal/ glandular epithelium?

A
  1. Lots of Golgi apparatus in glands

2. No intercellular spaces- has round, central nuclei

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20
Q

Function of cuboidal/ glandular epithelium?

A
  1. Absorb nutrients (ducts)

2. Produce secretions (glands)

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21
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue?

A
  1. Relatively few cells of various cell types
  2. Various fibers
  3. A matrix
  4. Cells are spread apart and spaces between in filled with matrix
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22
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. Binds tissues and organs together to support body

2. Transports substances within the body

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23
Q

What is the function of soft connective tissue?

A
  1. Binds epithelium to other tissues & holds organs in place
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24
Q

Location of areolar tissue

A
  1. Continuous layer under skin

2. Fills in between muscles/ organs and blood vessels

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25
Q

What is the structure of areolar tissue?

A
  1. Most common
  2. Loose & irregular arranged tissue
  3. Jelly-like matrix
    - WHITE collagen fibers (branched/ inelastic & parallel)
    - YELLOW elastic fibers ( small/ elastic & branched)
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26
Q

What is the function of areolar tissue?

A
  1. Attaches underlying muscle to bone
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27
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A
  1. FAT- under skin
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28
Q

What is the structure of adipose tissue?

A
  1. Few fibers
  2. Fat storing cell
  3. Very thick= blubber
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29
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A
  1. Energy

2. Insulation

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30
Q

Mast cell

A
  1. Secretes matrix & anticoagulant
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31
Q

Macrophage

A
  1. Defensive role ( engulfs foreign particles)
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32
Q

Fibroblast

A
  1. Secretes different fibers
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33
Q

Yellow elastic fiber

A
  1. Flexible - forms branch network
34
Q

White collagen fibers

A
  1. Non- flexible - keeps everything tight & together

“ANCHOR”

35
Q

Fat cells

A
  1. Store fat - lots of fat cells in areolar tissue= adipose
36
Q

Ground substance

A
  1. All cells embedded in
    - jelly-like
    - white substance
37
Q

What is fibrous connective tissue?

A
  1. Strong network of collagen fibers
38
Q

Location and structure of a ligament

A
  1. Between bones

2. Yellow Elastic Fibres

39
Q

Function of ligament

A
  1. Keeps joints stable
  2. Able to stretch
    - allow bones to move in different directions from joint
40
Q

Location and structure of tendons

A
  1. Connect muscle to bone 2. White Collagen fibres
41
Q

Function of tendons

A
  1. Grows in bone & strengthens it

2. Inelastic- transmit contraction & relaxation of muscle to bone for movement

42
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Dense tissue with little matrix
  2. Many inelastic fibres, small number of elastin fibres with a small number of fibroblasts between the fibres
    - conjunction with muscle, cartilage and bone in outer TRACHIAL, BRONCHIAL WALLS & BLOOD VESSELS
43
Q

Function of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Forms fascia, perichondrium & periosteum
  2. Provides necessary elasticity in trachea, bronchi, vocal chords & blood vessel walls -> only yellow elastic fibres in these structures
    - joins bone to bone as ligament
    - joins muscle to bone as tendons
44
Q

Structure of cartilage tissue

A
  1. Contains chondrocytes
    - secrete rubbery matrix made from chondrin ( protein)
    - occur in small fluid filled spaces called lacunae
  2. Matrix also contain white collagen fibres and yellow elastic fibres
    - no nerves/ blood vessels in matrix
45
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A
  1. Fibrous capsule that surrounds cartilage

2. Well supplied by blood vessels but has no nerves

46
Q

Structure of hyaline cartilage

A
  1. Extremely low number of collagen fibres
  2. No elastic fibres
  3. Firm, jelly- like matrix
  4. Clear, glass- like appearance
47
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A
  1. End of long bones/ bones in movable joints
  2. Attaches ribs to sternum
  3. Forms ‘c’ rings in trachea
  4. Larynx and bronchi
48
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A
  1. Reduces friction in joints
  2. Attaches bone to bone so movement is possible
  3. Keeps tubes open
  4. Forms permanent structures
  5. Longitudinal growth in long bones
49
Q

Structure of white fibrous cartilage

A
  1. Many collagen fibres arranged in bundles

2. Does not have perichondrion

50
Q

Location of white fibrous cartilage

A
  1. Intervertebral disc
  2. Pubic symphysis
  3. Sockets of ball and socket joints
51
Q

Functions of white fibrous cartilage

A
  1. Shock absorber between vertebra
  2. Flexibility
  3. Protects tendons
52
Q

Structure of yellow elastic cartilage

A
  1. Contains collagen fibres
  2. Network of branched elastic fibres
  3. Not as glossy- fibres embedded in matrix
53
Q

Location of yellow elastic cartilage

A
  1. Tip of nose
  2. Pin a of ear
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Eustachian tubes
54
Q

Function of yellow elastic cartilage

A
  1. Maintains shape & flexibility

2. Gives support to structure

55
Q

Haversian canals

A
  1. Central canals
  2. Run through bones longitudinally
  3. Contain blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels
56
Q

Matrix of bone tissues

A
  1. Occur in concentric circles- LAMELLAE- around Haversian canals
  2. Contain collagen fibres -> bone not brittle
    - contains inorganic substances: Ca, P, Mg = hard matrix
57
Q

Lacunae between lamellae

A
  1. Each lacuna contains an osteocyte
58
Q

What is a canalculi?

A
  1. A fine canal that links lacuna to Haversian canal
    - allows movement of useful substances (nutrients, O2) and cellular waste to & from blood of Haversian canal to & from all parts of bone tissue
59
Q

What is blood?

A
  1. Liquid connective tissue formed by blood floating in plasma
60
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  1. 55% plasma

2. 45% cells

61
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A
  1. Pale straw colour
  2. 90% water
  3. Contains inorganic ions (Na, K, Cl)
  4. Organic compounds ( glucose, amino acids)
  5. Cellular wage- urea & uric acid
  6. Dissolved gases - CO2 & O2
  7. Plasma proteins - fibrinogen & albumen
  8. Hormones and enzymes
62
Q

What cells are found in blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Thrombocytes
  3. Leukocytes
63
Q

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

A
  1. Red blood corpuscles- carry O2 & CO2
    - small, round
    - biconcave discs with no nuclei
    - hemoglobin- red pigment
    • combine with O2 -> oxyhemoglobin
64
Q

What is significant about the structure of erythrocytes?

A
  1. A lot of cells = large surface area for O2 absorption
  2. Biconcave shape makes surface area for absorption larger
  3. Flexible - able to be pushed through small blood vessels
65
Q

What is the structure of leukocytes?

A
  1. White blood cells

- large & irregularly shaped with nuclei

66
Q

What is significant about the structure of leukocytes?

A
  1. Move actively through amoeboid movement & engulf foreign particles
    - can move out of blood vessels & into intercellular spaces in tissues
  2. Can produce antibodies -> destroy bacterial toxins
67
Q

What is the structure of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Long & thin
  2. Parallel to each other
  3. Many mitochondria
  4. Specialists of contraction & relaxation
    - specialized to cause movement
    - works antagonistically to carry out mechanical work
68
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

( striated/ striped/ voluntary)

  • attached to bones & tendons
    1. Muscle fibres lie parallel to one another
    2. Voluntary co-ordinated movement of the skeleton
69
Q

Smooth muscles

A

( unstriated/ unstriped/ involuntary)

  • walls of internal organs
    1. Spindle shaped
    2. Nuclei twist when muscle contracts
    3. Form continuous sheet
  1. Involuntary movement
  2. Contracts slowly
  3. PERISTALSIS-
    Movement of substances along internal passage ways
70
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • walls of heart ( myocardium
    1. Branched cells similar to skeletal
    2. Ends joined by intercalated discs
    3. Striated and can have more that one nucleus
  1. Involuntary movement
  2. Not subject to fatigue
  3. SYNCYTIUM-
    Muscle bridge + intercalated bridge
71
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A
  1. Made up of neurons
    - transmit nerve impulses from sensory organs to the central nervous system
    - from CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands) of body
72
Q

What types of nerve tissue is there?

A
  1. Sensory neuron
  2. Motor neuron
  3. Inter/ connective neuron
73
Q

Structure of nerve tissue

A
  1. Consists of a cell body, single prominent neuron & differentiated outgrowths
74
Q

Nissl bodies

A
  1. Occur in cytoplasm of cell body

2. Mainly RNA & ribosomes -> plays a part in protein synthesis

75
Q

Two types of nerve tissue outgrowths

A
  1. Dendrites - transmit impulses towards body
  2. Axon- transmit nerve impulses away from cell body
    • only 1 axon but multiple dendrites according to function
76
Q

Neurilemma

A
  1. Series of consecutive cells that enclose the axon

2. Form a strong outer covering

77
Q

Schwann cell

A
  1. Neuron that occurs in peripheral nervous system

2. Produces myelin sheath

78
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  1. Protective layer inside neurilemma

2. Insulator to prevent short circuit in nervous system

79
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  1. Gaps in the myelin sheath
  2. Myelin sheath & neurilemma are discontinuous
    - nerve impulses move in one direction only

STIMULUS -> DENDRITES -> AXON

80
Q

Synapse

A

The site where a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next
- there is no physical connection between neurons in this gap

81
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Special chemical molecules used to allow nerve impulses across synapse

LIFESC Grade 10: Strand 1 (5 decks)

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