Unit 4 People Flashcards
Barón de Montesquieu
A French Enlightenment philosopher who argued for the separation of powers, in his The Spirit of Laws.
Voltaire
A French Enlightenment philosopher who argued for many modern ideas, such as freedom of religion, speech, and the separation of church and state. He also criticized the Catholic Church and slavery. Wrote a satire named Candide.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
An Enlightenment philosopher, historian, and writer who lived during the 1700s. In The Social Contract, he argued that the government was engaged in a social contract with the citizens, where the government was given permission by the citizens to rule the citizens, in exchange for that the government does it well.
Mary Wollstonecraft
A prominent English feminist writer, philosopher, and advocate of the late 1700s, known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), which argued that women are equal to men, but weren’t because they were never given the chance to be.
(King) Louis XVI
The French king at the time of the French revolution. They cut his head off eventually.
Maximilien Robespierre
Robespierre was a radical French politician on the left during the French revolution. He was part of the Mountain, a political group of the most radical representatives, and he became leader of the committee of public safety, a totalitarian group that caused the Terror in France. Eventually the Terror lost steam and Robespierre got decapitated.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A French military leader and politician that came to power after the French revolution in the Directory, replacing the Directory with a three person consulate, eventually ending with him being consulate for life. He went on a long series of military campaigns against various places that eventually resulted in major losses in campaigns like that against Portugal or against Russia. He was banished to an island, but managed to again rise to political prominence, thereafter again being banished to an island even farther away until he died.
(Tsar) Alexander I
Ruled Russia during Napoleonic Wars and wanted peace after Napoleon’s armies continued winning victories. The young tsar and Napoleon negotiated and he ended up accepting Napoleon’s reorganization of Western and Central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon’s economic blockade against British goods.
Klemens von Metternich
He was the foreign minister of the Austrian empire, and played a large role at the Congress of Vienna, which was a series of meetings of the heads of many European countries to decide how to establish peace and stability in Post-Napolean Europe. He wanted to (a) prevent France from rising up again by surrounding it with strong countries (b) create a balance of power between each country (c) restore the monarchies and the royal families of each country.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Lead the Haitian revolt against the french. Former slave of full African descent
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Former slave, carried on the work of L’Ouverture, who was captured and imprisoned by the French. Dessalines named himself governor-general for life and declared Haiti a free republic
Miguel Hidalgo
A Mexican priest who led an unsuccessful revolution against Spain in 1810. Started the Mexican Independence movement
Augustin de Itubide
A former royalist who negotiated a plan (Plan de Iguala) with the liberal revolutionaries to join forces against the Spanish. Led Mexico to independence by forcing Spain to sign the Treaty of Córdoba. Become Mexico’s first emperor
Simon Bolivar
Freed Gran Colombia from Spain. Established a national congress and declared independence from Spain in 1811
Jose de San Martin
Fought in the independence movement of Argentina, Chile, and Peru, in that order. Was native to Argentina.
Dom Pedro
Became Emperor of Brazil after refusing to yield to Portugal’s mercantilist demands to turn Brazil back into a colony.
(President) James Monroe
Published the Monroe Doctrine that declared the Americas were off limits for any colonization efforts and strongly warned against any European intervention in the Americas.
