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psyc 100 > Unit 4: parts of the brain and nervous system > Flashcards

Unit 4: parts of the brain and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

network of nerves that control and regulate all bodily functions

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2
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of neurons

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that connect the brain to the rest of the body

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

(part of the peripheral nervous system)
- carries commands for voluntary movement from central nervous system to muscles
- brings sensory input to central nervous system

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6
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

(part of the peripheral nervous system) operates outside of conscious control to carry involuntary commands to organs, blood vessels and glands

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7
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body for situations requiring flight or flight responses, such as redirecting energy from non-essential functions

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8
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

controls gland and organs during calm periods and returns the body back to resting state; responsible for nutrient storage repair, and growth

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

network of glands (hormone secreting organs) that work with the CNS and PNS

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10
Q

Hormone

A

blood borne chemical messengers that are slower than CNS transmissions but travel over greater distances

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11
Q

adrenal hormones

A

produced by adrenal glands that are located on top of the kidneys, releases adrenaline and cortisol in stressful situations

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12
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master gland that directs the function of all other glands

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13
Q

Oxytocin

A

hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during birth, can help induce labour, promotes lactation, and is thought to play a role in social bonding

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14
Q

Spinal cord

A

(part of the central nervous system)
major bundle of nerves connecting the brain to the rest of the body

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15
Q

spinal reflexes

A

response to stimuli that is initiated by the spinal cord without involvement from the brain. (ie. response to painful stimuli)

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16
Q

Brainstem

A
  • lowest region of the brain that sits on top of the spinal cord
  • where spinal nerves and most cranial nerves connect
  • regulates vital functions (damage to this area is often lethal)
  • contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla
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17
Q

Medulla

A

part of the brainstem
- responsible for: hear rate, blood pressure, reflexes such as coughing and swallowing

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18
Q

Pons

A

part of the brainstem
- responsible for breating, balance, coordination, and relaying sensations (hearing and taste) to higher levels of the brain (pons = bridge)

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19
Q

reticular formation

A

part of the brainstem
- responsible for arousal (not the sex kind), attention, and wakefulness

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20
Q

Midbrain

A

part of the brainstem
- responsible for orientation towards salient stimuli, movement, motivation & reward, and downregulation of pain

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21
Q

Cerrebellum

A

responsible for coordination, balance, precise movement, and accurate timing

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22
Q

Limbic System

A

often known as the emotional brain but also performs many other important roles
comprised of the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of the limbic system
- interface between brain and body
- responsible for, homeostatic regulation (ie. thirst, hunger), motivation and reward-seeking, flight or fight response, and direction of the autonomic nervous sytstem and the endocrine system

24
Q

Thalamus

A

part of the limbic system
relay station for all sensory signals except for smell.
responsible for alertness and conscieousness

25
Q

Amygdala

A

part of the limbic system
responsible for: processing emotional significance of sensory info, responding to positive and negative stimuli, creating vivid memories (with hippocampus)

26
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the limbic system
responsible for memory, spatial navigation, and mental time travel.

27
Q

basal ganglia

A

part of the limbic system
responsible for: planning, executing, controlling, and suppressing voluntary movement; reward and pleasure

28
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outermost and largest part of the human brain
- divided into left and right hemispheres, which are connected by a large bundle of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum. Further divided in five lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insular)

29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex
responsible for: movement and planning (contains the primary motor cortex which is a map of the body’s muscles), also contains the prefrontal cortex

30
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

part of the frontal lobe
responsible for: executive function, planning, judgement, decision-making, and the conscious experience of emotions

31
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex
contains the primary somatosensory cortex (map of the skin surface) which allows us to process touch
responsible for: paying attention to and locating objects, navigating surroundings

32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex
responsible for: vision, interpreting input from eyes by responding to basic info about image (ie shading, edges, colour)
contains the primary visual cortex.

33
Q

temporal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex
responsible for: hearing and understanding language, recognizing objects and people
contains: primary auditory and olfactory cortexes

34
Q

Association cortex

A

integrates incoming info from sensory areas with existing knowledge to create a meaningful understanding of the world

34
Q

Insular Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex
responsible for: precieving the state of internal organs (ie. racing heart)
contains: primary taste cortex

35
Q

Primary Sensory Areas

A

First cortical areas to receive signals from their associated sensory nerves

36
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

bridge of fibres that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and allow them to talk to each other (process called interhemispheric transter)

37
Q

Contralateral Organization

A

while both hemispheres are involved in receiving sensory info and sending motor commands, they each do so for the opposite side of the body

38
Q

Lateralization

A

some functions are located on either the right or the left side
- areas in the left hemisphere are specialized for language while the analogous areas in the right side are specialized for nonverbal and visuospatial processing of information

39
Q

Broca’s Area

A
40
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
41
Q

Phrenology

A

19th century belief that all mental faculties and characteristics correspond to specific parts of the brain and can be determined by examining indentations on the skull (not true)

42
Q

lesion

A

abnormal tissue resulting from disease, trauma, or surgery

43
Q

Single and Double dissociation

A

single: lesion to brain structure A disrupts function X but not Y
double: lesion to brain structure A disrupts function X but not Y. Lesion to brain structure B disrupts function Y but not X

44
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

stimulating specific parts of the brain with implanted electrodes, can be used for treatment of disorders such as depression

45
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

exposure to magnetic field to create temporary disruption or enhancement of cortical brain function (limited spatial precision)

46
Q

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)

A

low levels of direct current delivered via electrodes on the head to stimulate brain function (limited spatial precision)

47
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

uses an injection of a radioactive tracer (glucose) that is taken up by brain tissues during a task, and traces radiation emitted from the tracer

48
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)

A

measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood oxygenation with magnets -> when the brain is more active, it needs more oxygen

49
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to adapt throughout a person’s life

50
Q

neurogenesis

A

the generation of new neurons in specific parts of the brain due to stimulus

51
Q

Critical Period

A

timeframe during development when the brain is extra receptive to environmental stimuli, which allows for larger changes in neural connections

52
Q

Damage plasticity

A

neural modification/reorganization following an injury

53
Q
A
54
Q
A

psyc 100 (4 decks)

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