Unit 4 Part 2 Flashcards

Question

Goldfish: Context

Answer 1

- goldfish recurring subject in his work - introduced to Europe from East Asia in 17th century - matisse visited Morocco for 4 months in 1912: noted how locals would daydream or hours gazing at the goldfish bowls, painted at home in his studio in Paris - matisse influenced and was influenced by the Faves who used bright, unnatural , clashing colors - admired lifestyle of Moroccans- meditative state of mind, paradise lost

Answer 2

Style: Der Blaue Reiter Artist: Wassily Kandinsky Location: Germany Date: 1912

Answer 3

- oil on canvas - not quite abstract, some recognizable forms - strongly articulated use of black lines - colors seem to shade around line forms

Answer 4

- try to associate painting with music - synesthesia

Answer 5

- battle scene: apocalypse, a moment in which the sins of the world are going to be washed away - yellow: flood- cleansing the world of sin - blue: cannons being fired - Orange: manes of horses: 4 horsemen of the apocalypse? lead on horseback to the new world? - using schematic means, depicts cataclysmic events on the left and a sense of spiritual salvation of the right

Answer 6

- worried that if things were too recognizable we would lose our ability to respond to the color and form - the way one would react to music - used words associated with music in his title - relationship to atonal music

Answer 7

Style: Die Brucke Artist: Ernst Kirchner Location: Germany Date: 1915

Answer 8

- oil on canvas - part of Die Brucke: influenced by primitivism , unidealized nudes - jarring bold colors: nonrepresentational but symbolic - shallow picture space, titled perspective - nightmarish quality

Answer 9

- express psychological fears - meant to be grotesque to show effects of war

Answer 10

- in uniform in his studio, not the battlefield - severed hand was not a literal injury but a metaphor: many artists depicting wartime amputees, injury to identity as an artist - shows how soldiers were abandoned when no longer useful - main figure has a drawn face, with a cigarette hanging loosely from his lips - eyes unseeing and empty

Answer 11

- volunteered to serve as a driver in the military - declared unfit due to health issues and sent to recover - painted during recovery, based on his personal fears - Hitler persecuted artists who painted in styles outside of Aryan Ideal: organized The Degenerate Art exhibition to mock modern artists, two-thirds of Kirchner's works were displayed - died by suicide in 1938

Answer 12

Style: German Expressionism Artist: Kathe Kollwitz Location: Germany Date: 1919

Answer 13

- stark black and white of the woodcut used to magnify grief - multiple copies to spread political messages - three horizontal sections: Top: faces are the most modeled- focus on his followers. Figures close together Middle: Has less details, emphasizing the crowd at the top Bottom: The martyred leader

Answer 14

- Family of Liebknecht asked Kollwitz to memorialize him - acknowledge plight of working class - political cause

Answer 15

- assassination of communist leader - focus is not on the man but his followers that put their faith in him - women and children were a central concern for her work

Answer 16

- Liebknecht was among the founders of group that became German Communist Party - shot to death during a Communist uprising in Berlin Spartacus Revolt: military units captured leaders - held to be a martyr in the Communist cause - no political references in the woodcut - emphasis of women grieving over dead children; her son died in World War I; the artist then became a socialist

Answer 17

Style: International Style Architecture Artist: Le Corbusier Location: Poissy-Sur-Seine France Date: 1929

Answer 18

- on a large piece of land - pilotis- slender columns: Raise the building off the ground & allow air to circulate - ground floor is recessed and painted green: so that it look like the delicate pilotis support the house - strip of windows makes the wall stay one single plane

Answer 19

- contrasts from outside due to its fluid and curved forms - ramp leads seamlessly to the roof terrace - desire to integrate landscape and architecture

Answer 20

- his masterpiece - represents refinement of his architectural system - dwelling meant to maximise leisure in the machine age - allowed family to spend time outdoors in the most efficient way possible - a three bedroom country house with servants' quarters on the ground floor - built in suburban Paris as a retreat for the wealthy Pierre and Emilie

Answer 21

1. free plan 2. free facade 3. ribbon window 4. pilotis 5. roof garden

Answer 22

- family had few requirements so he had a lot of freedom - argued that machines could create highly precise objects - admired systems of greek with refined mathematical proportions and efficiency of race cars, airplanes, and factories

Answer 23

Style: De Stifl Artist: Piet Mondrian Location: Netherlands Date: 1930

Answer 24

- oil on canvas - squares and rectangles - large red square balanced by small blue square - varying shades of black and white - only primary colors and neutral colors

Answer 25

- To express his philosophical views - to express modern life - to show his commitment to relational opposites, asymmetry, and pure planes of color

Answer 26

- interested in civilization that progressed by moments of tension and reconciliation between oppositional forces - saw them as an expression of duty

Answer 27

- Mondrian painted in many styles before finding his own - inspired by Cubism - believed that the evolution of abstraction was a sign of humanity's progress - living in the Netherlands during WWI and influenced by fellow artists, philosophers, and Theosophy

Answer 28

Style: Constructivism Artist: Varvara Stepanova Location: Soviet Union Date: 1932

Answer 29

- Photomontage: Cut and glue to give the illusions of a single image. photos, text, newspaper - carefully constructed: contrast, only 3 colors and tones: alternates black and white photos with sepia phots - red geometric shapes (color of USSR)

Answer 30

- serves the ideal of the Soviet Union - propaganda- to show the world that USSR was leading force in global market - show the success of the plan with visual evidence

Answer 31

- 5 year plan started by Stalin 1928 next to the speakers in teh number 5 - CCCP russian initials for USSR - oversized photo of Lenin- founder of Soviet Union (1870 - 1924): eyes look to the future, connected to speakers by wires and electrical tower - huge crowd = mass popularity of Stain's plan and celebration of system

Answer 32

- ruled by Czar for centuries, 1922 new communist country - joseph stalin comes in to power after death of Lenin - plan had radical measures that forced farmers to give up land and livestock- widespread extreme poverty and famine, terror, fear, violence replace initial optimism - started as positive propaganda, became a means to hide disastrous economic policy from the rest of the world

Answer 33

Style: Surrealism Artist: Meret Oppenheim Location: France Date: 1936

Answer 34

- porcelain teacup covered with fur - an assemblage

Answer 35

- to cause us to think about the tactile experience of feeling the fur when we expect to feel porcelain - to disturb our reality

Answer 36

- done in response to Picasso's claim that anything look good in fur - erotic overtone - contrast of textures and combination of unalike objects - surrealist critic Andre Breton named the peace in reference to Manet's Luncheon on the Grass - quintessential surrealist work of art

Answer 37

Style: Prairie Style Architecture Artist: Frank Lloyd Wright Location: Pennsylvania Date: 1936

Answer 38

- reinforced concrete - connection with nature = liberal use of glass - no walls face the falls - cantilevered steel-supported porches extend over a waterfall

Answer 39

- weekend home - organic architecture in harmony with the site - make waterfall part of the house - test boundaries of architecture

Answer 40

- elongated view of the horizon and woods reflects image of modern man caught up in the constant change and flow

Answer 41

- transcendentalist background: belief that human life is part of nature - drew the design in 2 hours - created at the age of 67

Answer 42

Style: Surrealism Artist: Frida Kahlo Location: Mexico Date: 1939

Answer 43

- double self portrait: mirrored pose, bilateral symmetry - stormy background: other worldly place

Answer 44

- express her feelings about her divorce and identity

Answer 45

- stormy background- indicates tumultuous time - 2 different outfits: before her marriage she wore the modern European dress, Rivera encouraged her embrace clothing of her Mexican heritage - hold hands and are bonded by a vein - left: heart is weak and exposed - right: heart is strong - she used blood to symbolize union

Answer 46

- painted the year she divorced Diego River - childhood polio caused her right leg to be deformed - a bus accident at 18 left her disabled and unable to have children - had 32 operations as a result of the accident

Answer 47

Style: Harlem Renaissance Artist: Jacob Lawrence Location: America Date: 1940

Answer 48

- tempera on hardboard - part of a series of 60 - flat geometric shapes and bright colors

Answer 49

- document migration of african americans from the south to the north - fleeing Jim Crow Laws, more work in the North to be found (industrialization) Caused by Jim Crow Laws, lynching, racial segregation and discrimination, poor economic conditions

Answer 50

- shows the segregation experienced in the north - white figures ignore black figures - black figures are smaller, seem farther away and less important

Answer 51

- lawrence was 24 when he created them - did a lot of research for the series - his family was part of the migration - received funding from the WPA (works progress administration) - part of the New Deal

Answer 52

Style: Afro-Cuban Artist: Wifredo Lam Location: America Date: 1943

Answer 53

- gouache on paper - 8 ft. sqare - cluster of human figures and sugarcane - mixture of human, supernatural, and vegetal forms

Answer 54

- show reality of life in Cuba instead of what is shown to tourists - did not want to show Cha-Cha-Cha

Answer 55

- sugarcane does not grow in jungles, it grows in fields - foreigners viewed the island nation as a playground - reality: hard labor of sugarcane farming

Answer 56

- cuban artist - 1940s sugarcane was Cuba's biggest business - required thousands of laborers - similar work to cotton plantations - incorporation symbols of Santeria: afro-cuban religion, supernatural merges with natural world

Answer 57

Style: Mexican Mural Painting Artist: Diego Rivera Location: Mexico Date: 1947 CE

Answer 58

fresco/mural ● famous in Mexican history ● originally used for propaganda under the post-revolution government, ● New - artists began to use it for their own purposes, highlighting the "nightmares" under the political idealism that existed in the country

Answer 59

● a manifestation of one man's experience with his Mexican heritage and love-life with a fellow artist ● could be seen as one of the precursors to the feminist/post-colonial art that shared the stories/experiences of people in minorities/people who had been oppressed and had not had their experiences ever shared in popular art before

Answer 60

Hundreds of characters from 400 yrs of Mexican history walk thru Mexico’s largest park • some elements lighthearted and playful, others dark(conflict between indigenous woman and police officer + skeleton) • fresco reads like a chronology from left to right: on the left is the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, then the fight for independence and Mexican revolution in the center, and modern achievements on the right ○ the middle highlights the lifestyle of the Mexican elite in the middle--the kind of people whose lavish lives, so in contrast to the majority of the impoverished country, lead to the revolution and overthrow of Porfirio Diaz

Answer 61

● show "both the nightmare and dreams" the genocide/oppression of conquest, then the dream of democracy; religious idealism and religious intolerance, dream of lavish living effects of a divided nation; Rivera's love for Kahlo and also her declining health ● all the figures overlap with each other; not quite interacting but also not separate Content ● Frida Kahlo holds a yin/yang symbol ● represents opposite yet interdependent forces, and also masculinity/femininity ● represents Kahlo and Rivera's relationship: she mentored him, then they became lovers, then they broke up but remained political comrades and often painted each other ● imagery from Mexican history, like a feather boa around the Catrina's neck reminiscent of the Mesoamerican serpent god Quetzalcoatl

Answer 62

● the image of the Catrina woman was popularly known in Mexican culture at the time; around 1900 Posada had depicted a Catrina as a skeleton as a critique on the Mexican upper-class and the image became famous; Rivera appropriates this image in his fresco ● Rivera and Kahlo were married then divorced ● "Mexican muralism" was the the promotion of mural painting starting in the 1920s, generally with social and political messages as parts of an effort to reunify the country under the post-revolution government ● Rivera never officially joined the Surrealists, but the painting is nonetheless demonstrative of the Surrealist movement, which tried to depict subjects that came from dreams or the subconscious, in that this is titled as depicting a dream

Answer 63

Style: Dada Artist: Marcel Duchamp Location: France Date: 1917

Answer 64

- readymade- an ordinary, manufactured item designated by the artist as a work of art - urinal on its side

Answer 65

- Duchamp wanted to test board members to see if they would accept his work - submitted as “R. Mutt” : unknown new artist, did not want to put colleagues in a difficult position

Answer 66

- R. Mutt: comic overtones, comes from Mott Works, a large sanitary equipment manufacturer, reference to the popular cartoon "Mutt and Jeff" - article published next to Stieglitz's photo

Answer 67

- he was on Board- Society of Independent Artists - Duchamp was not known as the artist at the time(close friends knew, some suspected) - it was rejected - Duchamp asked Stieglitz to photograph it - known to influence many artists on 50's & 60's - thought it had the least chance of being liked

Answer 68

Style: Abstract Expressionism Artist: Willem de Kooning Location: America Date: 1950

Answer 69

- oil on canvas - lots of layers on paint - thick black lines - lots of color used - expressive brushstrokes - active painting - made quickly

Answer 70

- ironic comment on movie and advertising industries / on stereotypes

Answer 71

- angry woman baring her great fierce teeth and large eyes - large bulbous breast: satirical, reflect those on magazine covers - smile is cut out of a female smile from a Camel cigarette - blank stare, frozen grine - vague background - 1/6 in these series of this woman influenced by Paleolithic goddesses to pin-up girls

Answer 72

- artists wanted to see more of the hand of the artist in the work - meaning. we can see the brush strokes - rather than the perfect lines of Mondrian

Answer 73

Style: Modernist Architecture Artist: Mies Van Der Rohe and Philip Johnson Location: New York City Date: 1954

Answer 74

- steel frame and glass - steel frame with glass curtain wall and 1,500 tons of bronze - set back from the street on a wide plaza that is balanced by reflecting pools - bronze veneer gives building monolithic look - clean space and white lines - internal structure is a skeleton system that holds the building up from within

Answer 75

- no ornamentation, no paint applied to exterior - Phyllis Lambert gave architect unlimited budget: cost 41 million - influenced other skyscrapers to have public space (privately owned)

Answer 76

Function: wanted structural elements to be visible, corporate building for Seagram (distillery) Content: depiction of less is more, reflection of minimalist movement in painting, interplay of vertical and horizontal lines

Answer 77

Style: Pop art Artist: Andy Warhol Location: America Date: 1962

Answer 78

● Acrylic on canvas ● 6 x 9 ft ● Repetition ○ 50 Marilyns! ● Diptych ● Marilyn Monroe is an icon ○ Like Mary ○ People used to worship religious icons now celebrities are worshipped

Answer 79

● Commentary on the time he lives in ○ Repeated exposure to an image ■ Desensitized to it ■ By repeating Monroe’s face, he drains away her life but also our’s ● Deadens our emotional response to her death ● For us to consider the role of mass media images in our everyday lives

Answer 80

● Created after Monroe’s death ○ Monroe died in 1962 of an overdose ■ One of Hollywood’s most popular star of the time ● Warhol’s art is about the time he lived in, not his interior life ○ Leading figure in the art movement, pop art

Answer 81

Style: Installation/Performance Art Artist: Yayoi Kusama Location: Japan Date: 1966

Answer 82

● 1500 large mirrored stainless steel balls ● Placed on a lawn ○ Under a sign that said “Your Narcissism for Sale” ● Installation ○ Temporary work of art made up of assemblages made for a particular space

Answer 83

● Commentary on the commercialism and vanity of the current art world ○ Offered the balls for sale for $2 each

Answer 84

● References the ancient myth of Narcissus ○ A young man who is enraptured in his own image in reflecting water ○ He stares at it until he becomes a flower ■ (some versions of this myth, the young man stares until he drowns)

Answer 85

● It is an installation, so it has been displayed in many places ○ Both in dry places and water ● Originally displayed at the Venice Biennale ○ Major show of contemporary art that takes place every other year at various venues throughout Venice, started in 1895 ● It was later moved to water ○ The balls reflect the natural environment and the viewers ○ The water placement makes a stronger connection to the ancient myth ○ The balls moves with the currents of the water and wind ■ Reflecting organically made ever changing view points

Answer 86

Style: Abstract Expressionism Artist: Helen Frankenthaler Location: America Date: 1963

Answer 87

● Acrylic on canvas ○ More flexibility than oil ● Colors blur together ● Tilt the canvas ○ Blend of the artist’s control and gravity * You are meant to take from it what you will

Answer 88

● Range of colors blending into each other across the canvas ● The colors don’t have to represent something in particular ○ They can be ambiguous or emblematic

Answer 89

● Influenced by Jackson Pollock ● Part of abstract expressionism ● After the trauma of WWII, artists believed that if art was going to have a real impact on the social consciousness of Americans it would have to radically change and move toward the abstract ○ So that it could be more universal

Answer 90

Style: Pop Art Artist: Claes Oldenburg Location: America Date: 1969

Answer 91

● 24 ft high ● A tube of lipstick on tank base ● Protest the Vietnam War ● Never intended to be permanent ○ Base made out of plywood ○ Top could be comically inflated and deflated like a balloon (did not always work)

Answer 92

● Combined the highly “feminine” product + “masculine” machinery of war ● Critique on hyper masculine rhetoric of the military & blatant consumerism of the US ● The lipstick tube resembles a bullet and has a phallic shape ○ Making a benign beauty product seem masculine / violent ● Juxtaposition implies the US obsession with beauty & distraction from war in Vietnam

Answer 93

● Oldenburg experimented with lipstick forms in the early 60s ● Lipstick tubes looming like massive pillars over Piccadilly plaza (like NY Times square) ● His first large scale public artwork ● Yale was his alma mater ● The courtyard had a WWI memorial

Answer 94

Style: Earth Art Artist: Robert Smithson Location: America Date: 1970

Answer 95

● Earthwork ○ Large outdoor work in which the earth itself is the medium ● Coil of local rock ● Extremely remote part of the Great Salt Lake ○ Inaccessible ■ Abandoned mines & mining equipment ● Made with a tractor ● The artist liked the pinkish red color of the water due to the presence of algae that live in the high salt content ● The spiral has appear in petroglyphs in Indigenous American art

Answer 96

● A pier in the water ● Exploration of the relationship between the industrial world & the natural world ○ Man’s impact on nature

Answer 97

● Terminal basin - similar to the dead sea ● Almost nothing can live in the water ● The water rises and falls depending on environmental conditions ○ The work of art was meant to change with the environment ● There is a theory that there is a whirlpool that connects the lake to the Pacific - hence the spiral shape of the sculpture

Answer 98

● 1970 was the first year to have Earth Day ● Art is put into the environment ○ Outside of the home or museum and outside of the commercial - it cannot be bought or sold ○ The museum tries to protect art ○ This art is meant to change

Answer 99

Style: Post-Modernist Architecture Artist: Venturi, Rauch, and Brown Location: Delaware Date: 1978

Answer 100

● Rural location - rolling hills & forest ● Grand & whimsical ● Front facade has a floating arched screen ○ Identifies the structure as a residence ○ Camouflages the windows behind it ● Doric columns on back facade ● Inside - lots of wood decoration, painted jagged arches

Answer 101

● Built for a family of 3 ● Husband & wife ○ Wife was a musician - elaborate well stocked music room ○ Husband was a bird watcher - big windows

Answer 102

● Post-modern architecture takes pieces from previous eras and puts them together in incongruous ways ○ Wide, imbalance columns (one of which is only a half) ○ Imbalanced placement of windows ○ Both a pediment and an arch at the entrance ○ A projection from only one side

Answer 103

- artist studied in Rome - interested in Baroque and Mannerist styles