Unit 2- Ancient Mediterranean Flashcards

Question

Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes: Form

Answer 1

* built on artificial terraces, like Mesopotamian architecture * columns have bell-shaped base that is an inverted lotus blossom; capitals are bulls or lions * everything seem to have been built to make the viewer smaller

Answer 2

* built not as a complex of palaces but as a seat for spectacular receptions and festivals * enter complex through gigantic gates depicting lamassu figures. above gates is inscription the Gates of All Nations, proudly announces this complex as seat of a great empire * audience hall had 36 columns covered by a wooden roof; used for king's receptions and New Years * hypostyle hall is an indication of one of the many cultures that inspired this * made with mud brick with stone facing; stone symbolizing durability and strength

Answer 3

* relief sculptures depict delegations from all parts of empire bringing gifts to be stored in the local treasury; Darius selected central location in Persia to ensure protection of treasury * carved onto the stairs are immortals, king's guards who were so called because they always numbered 10,000, originally painted and adorned with metal accessories; some covered in gold leaf * stairs have a central relief of king enthroned with attendants, crown prince behind him, and dignitaries bowing before him * orderly and harmonious world symbolized by static processions

Answer 4

* built by Darius I and Xerxes I; destroyed by Alexander the Great, perhaps as an act of revenge for destruction of Acropolis in Athens * many cultural influences contributed to the building of the site, as a sign of Persian cosmopolitan imperial culture

Answer 5

Style: Predynastic Location: Egypt Date: 3000 BCE

Answer 6

* hierarchy of scale * figures stand on a ground line * narrative * schematic lines delineate Narmer's muscle structure: forearm veisn and thigh muscles are represented as straight lines, kneecaps as half circles * composite view of human body: mostly seen in profile, but chest, eye, and ear are frontal * hieroglyphics explain and add meaning and identify Narmer in cartouche

Answer 7

* palette used to prepare eye makeup for the blinding sun, although this palette was probably commemorative * palette carved on 2 sides were for ceremonial purposes

Answer 8

* relief sculpture depicting King Narmer uniting Upper and Lower Egypt * Hathor depicted 4x top register, a god as a cow with woman's face, or Bat, a sky, goddess, bull * on the front: narmer, largest figure, wears cobra crown of Lower Egypt reviewing beheaded bodies of enemy; bodies seen from above, heads between legs * on the back: falcon is Horus, god of Egypt, who triumphs over Narmer's forces; Horus holds a rope around a man's head and a papyrus plant. symbols of lower Egypt * Narmer has a symbol of strength, servant behind Narmer holds his sandals as he stands barefoot on the sacred ground as a divine king * defeated Egyptians lie beneath his feet

Answer 9

* represents unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under one ruler * unification expressed as a concept or goal to be achieved * represent balance of order and chaos * reference journey of the sun god

Answer 10

Style: Old Kingdom Location: Saqqara, Egypt Date: 2,500 BCE

Answer 11

* not a pharaoh: sagging chest and realistic body rather than idealistic features * figure has high cheekbones, hollow cheeks, and a distinctive jawline * meant to be seen from the front * color still remains on sculpture

Answer 12

Function: created for a tomb at Saqqara as a provision for the ka Content: lifelike- conventional image of a scribe - inlaid crystal eyes - holds papyrus in lap, writing instrument (gone) in hand ready to write

Answer 13

* attentive expression; thin angular face in readiness of the words pharaoh might dictate * seated on the ground to indicate comparative low station

Answer 14

Style: Old Kingdom Location: Giza Date: c. 2500 BCE

Answer 15

* each pyramid is a huge pile of limestone with a minimal interior that housed the deceased pharaoh * each pyramid had an enjoining mortuary temple used for worship

Answer 16

* giant monuments of dead pharaohs: Menakaura, Khufu, and Khafre * preservation of the body and tomb contents for eternity * some scholars also suggest that the complex served as the kings palace in the afterlife

Answer 17

* each pyramid had funerary complex adjacent connected by formal pathway used for carrying dead pharaoh's body to the pyramid * shape may have been influenced by a sacred stone relic called a benben, which is shaped like a sacred stone found at Heliopolis; center of the sun god cult * each side of the pyramid is oriented toward a point on the compass, a fact pointing to an association with the starts and the sun * Giza temples face east, toward the rising sun, and have been associated with the god Re

Answer 18

Style: Old Kingdom Location: Giza Date: c. 2500 BCE

Answer 19

* carved in situ from a huge rock; colossal sale * body of a lion, head of a pharaoh and or god * originally brightly painted to stand out in the desert behind the figure which once rose near ramps rising from the Nile

Answer 20

Sphinx seems to be protecting the pyramids behind it, although this theory has been debated

Answer 21

* very generalized features, although some say it may be a portraits of Khafre * cats are royal animals in ancient Egypt, saved grain supply from mice * Head of Sphinx badly mauled in Middle Ages * fragment of Sphinx's beard is in the British museum

Answer 22

Style: Old Kingdom Location: Giza Date: c. 2500 BCE

Answer 23

* 2 figures attached to a block of stone; arms and legs not cut free * traces of red paint exist on Menkaure's face * extremely hard stone used; symbolizes permanence of the pharaohs presence and his strength on earth

Answer 24

* receptacle for the ka of the pharaoh and his queen * wife's simple and affectionate gesture, and/or presenting him to the gods

Answer 25

* Menakaura's powerful physique and stride symbolize his kingship, as does heis garb: nemes on the head, an artificial beard, and a kilt with a tab * original location was the temple of the Mankaura's pyramid complex at Giza * society's view of women expressed in ankle-length tightly draped gown covering the queen's body; mena and women of the same height indicated equality * society's view of king expressed in broad shoulders, muscular arms and legs, and firm stomach * theory: women may be his mother or goddess Hathor, no divine attributes tho

Answer 26

Style: New Kingdom Location: Karnak Date: 1550 BCE

Answer 27

* axial plan, pylon temple, hypostyle halls * massive lintels link columns together * huge columns, tightly packed together, admit litte light into the sanctuary * tallest columns have papyrus capitals; clerestory allows some light and air ninot the darkest parts of the temple * columns elaborately painted, carved in sunken relief * bottom of columns have bud capitals * massive walls enclose complex * enter complex through massive sloped pylon gateway into a peristyle courtyard, tehn through a hypostyle hall, then into sanctuary where few were allowed

Answer 28

* egyptian temple for worship of Amun-Re * god housed in the darkest and most secret part of the complex, only accessed by priests and pharaohs

Answer 29

* adjacent is an artificial sacred lake-- a symbol of the sacred waters of the world, that existed before time * located on the east side of the Nile, linked by a road with the Karnak temple for the OPet festival * complex was built near this lake over time; symbolically arose from waters the way civilization did * theory that the temple represents beginnings of the world: pylons horizon, floor rises to sanctuary of god, temple roof= sky, columns = plants of the Nile

Answer 30

Style: New Kingdom Location: Luxor Date: 1475 BCE

Answer 31

* 3 colonnaded terraces and two ramps * visually coordinated with the natural setting; long horizontals and verticals of the terraces and colonnades repeat the patterns of the cliffs behind; patterns of dark and light in the colonnade are reflected in the cliffs * terraces originally planted as gardens with exotic trees

Answer 32

* statue of the god brought before sculpture in procession * processions up the mortuary temple passed in front of this sttueu of Hatshepsut * one of 200 statues placed around teh compelx

Answer 33

Style: New Kingdom Location: Amarna Date: c. 1350 BCE

Answer 34

* Hatshepsut declared she built temple as a garden for her father Amun (been of divine birth, sired by god Amun) * was used only for special religious events; lacked subsidiary buildings * for reasons of cultic purity, royal burial could noted in the temple, royal tomb was location in the mountain behind the temple and reached by way of the Valley of the Kings

Answer 35

* male pharaonic attributes: nemes or deadcloth, false beard, kilt * wears white crown of Upper Egypt * queen is depicted in male costume of pharaoh, yet slender proportions and slight breasts indicate femininity

Answer 36

* state religious shift indicated by an evolving style in Egyptian art: smooth, curved surfaces, low hanging bellies, slack jaws, thin arms, epicene bodies heavy lidded eyes * at the end of sun's rays point to the king and queen

Answer 37

* one of the 10 statues of Hatshepsut with offering jars, part of a ritual in honor of the sun god; pharaoh would kneel only before a god * inscription on base sasy sishe is offering plants to Amun the sun god

Answer 38

* Akhenaten holds his eldest daughter (left) ready to be kissed * Nefertiti holds her daughter (right) with another daughter on her shoulder * intimate family relationships are extremely rare in Egyptian art

Answer 39

Function: domestic environment was new in Egyptian art; panel is for an altar in a house Technique: sunken relief, less likely to be damaged than raised, creates deeper shadows and can be appreciated in the sunlight

Answer 40

* Akhenaten abandoned Thebes and created a new capital, originally named Akhenaten and later changed to Amarna; style of art from this period is called the Amarna style * state religion was changed by Akhenaten to the worship of Aten, symbolized by the sun-disk with a cobra: changed his name to Akhenaten to reflect his devotion to the one god Aten; early monotheism * Akhenaten and Nefertiti having private relationship with their new god, Aten * after Akhenaten's reign, Amarna style slowly replaced by more traditional Egyptian representations form * Akhenaten and Nefertiti having private relationship with their new god, Aten * after Akhenaten's reign, Amarna style slowly replaced by more traditional Egyptian representations

Answer 41

Style: New Kingdom Location: Valley of the Kings DAte: 1325 BCE

Answer 42

* gold coffin (6ft) containing body of the pharaoh * smooth, idealized features on the mask of the boy king * holds a crook and a flail symbols of Osiris

Answer 43

* mummified body of KIng Tutankhamun was buried with 143 objects, on his head, neck, abdomen, and limbs; gold mask placed over his head

Answer 44

* when Akhenaten died, 2 pharaohs ruled briefly, and then his son Tutankhamun reigned for ten years from age 9 to 19 * Tutankhamun's father and mother were brother and sister; his wife was his half-sister; perhaps he was physically handicapped because of genetic breeding

Answer 45

Style: New Kingdom Location: Thebes Date: 1275 BCE

Answer 46

Form: papyrus scroll, narrative on a uniform register Function: Illustration from the Book of the Dead, an Egyptian book of spells and charms that acted as a guide for the deceased to make her or her way to eternal life Context: Hunefer was a scribe who had priestly functions

Answer 47

Style: Archaic Location: Anavysos Date: 530 BCE

Answer 48

* emulates stance of Egyptian sculpture but is nude; arms and legs are largely cut free from the stone * rigidly frontal * freestanding and able to move; in contrast, many Egyptian works are reliefs or are attached to the stone * hair is knotted and falls in neatly braided rows down the back * some paint suruvices, some of it encaustic, which would have given the sculpture greater life * archaic smile enlivens sculpture

Answer 49

* grave marker, replacing huge vases of the Geometric period * sponsored by an aristocratic family

Answer 50

* not a real portrait but a general representation of the deceased * named after a young military hero, Kroisis; inscriptoin at base identifies him: "Stand and grieve at the tomb of Kroisos, the dead, in fron line slain by the wild Ares"

Answer 51

Style: Archaic Location: Acropolis Date: c. 530 BCE

Answer 52

* hand emerges into viewer's space, breaks out of the mold of static Archaic statues * indented waist * breasts revealed beneath drapery * rounded and naturalistic face * much of the encaustic paint still remains, animating the face and hair * broken hand fitted into socket and prob held attribute; may have been a goddess * marble, painted details

Answer 53

* named for the peplos, though tot be one of the four traditional garments she is wearing * recent theory proposes she is the goddess Athene or Artemis

Answer 54

Style: Classical Artist: Polykleitos Location: Pompeii (Roman copy) Date: c. 450 BCE

Answer 55

* blocky solidity * closed stance, broad shoulders, thick torso, muscular body * idealized body, contrapposto * body is both tense and relaxed: left arm and right leg are relaxed, right arm and left leg are tense

Answer 56

* warrior and athlete * hand once held a spear * movement is restrained; ideal Spartan body * averted gazel does not recognize the viewer's admiration * contemplative gaze

Answer 57

* Greek name: Doryphoros * represents Polykleitos's ideal masculine figure * considered a canon for classical body types; general rule for beauty and form, probably linked to a no longer existing treatise by the artist * marble roman copy of bronze greek original * found in Pompeii in a place for athletic training, perhaps for inspiration for athletes

Answer 58

Style: Classical Artist: Iktinos & Kallikrates Location: Athens Date: c. 450 BCE

Answer 59

* marble * greek classical art; contrapposto * figures seated in left-hand corner of east pediment of Parthenon * sculptures comfortably ist in triangular space of the pediment

Answer 60

* grouping in Parthenon contains figures who are present at the birth of Athena, which is the main topic at the center of the pediment -- now lost

Answer 61

* left: sun god, Helios, bringing up the dawn with his horses; male nude is Dionysos, god of win, he is lounging * 2 seated figure may be the goddess Demeter and Persephone, reacting ot the birth of Athena

Answer 62

* part of Parthenon sculptures, also called Elgin Marbles * phidias acted as the chief sculptor of the workshop

Answer 63

Style: Classical Artist: Iktinos & Kallikrates Location: Athens Date: c. 450 BCE

Answer 64

* isocephalism: tradition of depicting heads of figures on the same level * figures stand in contrapposto * carved in high relief, reflects placement; the more 3d the relief, the between it could be seen from below * marble

Answer 65

* 6 ergastines, young women in charge of weaving Athena's people, are greeted by 2 priests

Answer 66

* part of a frieze from the Parthenon depicts some 360 figures * scene from the Panathenaic Frieze depicting the Panathenaic Procession, held every 4 years to honor Athena * first time in Greek art that human events are depicted on a temple * scene contains religious procession of women dressed in contemporary drapery acting nobly * procession began at Dipylon Gate, passed through agora, and ended at the Parthenon

Answer 67

Style: Classical Artist: Kallikrates Location: Athens Date: c. 450 BCE

Answer 68

* marble * gracefully winged figure modeled in high relief * deeply incised drapery lines reveal body; wet drapery technique

Answer 69

* part of the balustrade on the Temple of Athena nike, a war monument * one of many figures on the balustrade; not a continuous narrative but a sequence of independent scenes * importance of military victories was stressed in the images on the Acropolis

Answer 70

Style: Classical Artist: Kallimachos Location: Athens Date: c. 410 BCE

Answer 71

* classical period of Greek art * use of contrapposto in the standing figure * jewelry painted in, not visible * architectural framework * text includes name of the deceased

Answer 72

* grave marker * in Geometric and Archaic periods, Greeks used kraters and kouroi to mark graves; in the Classical period, stelae were used

Answer 73

* commemorates the death of Hegeso; an inscription identifies her and her father * genre scene: Hegeso examines a piece of jewelry from a jewelry box handed to her by a standing servant; may represent her dowry * standing figure has a lower social station, placed before a seated figure

Answer 74

* erected in Dipylon cemetery in Athens * attributed teh sculptor Kallimachos

Answer 75

Style: Hellenistic Location: Samothrace Date: c. 190 BCE

Answer 76

* marble * monumental figure * dramatic twist and contrapposto of the torso * wet drapery look imitates water playing on the wet body * illusion of wind on the body

Answer 77

* meant to sit on a fountain representing a figurehead on a boat; the fountain would splash water around the figure

Answer 78

* large heroic figure of Nike held a trumpet, wreath, or fillet in her right hand, found with open palm and 2 outstretched fingers, suggesting that she was not holding anything and was simply holding her hand up in a gesture of greeting

Answer 79

* probably made to commemorate a naval victory in 191 BCE; Nike is the goddess of victory * the boat at the base is an ancient battleship with oar boxes and traces of a ram * only one wing and breast found in situ on Samothrace

Answer 80

Style: Hellenistic Location: Pergamon Date: c. 175 BCE

Answer 81

* marble * deeply carved figures overlap one another; masterful handling of spatial illusion; figures break into the viewer's space from the frieze * dramatic intensity of figures and movement; heroic musculature

Answer 82

gigantomachy on the base of the Pergamon Altar illustrates the victories of the goddess Athena who is worshipped at the altar

Answer 83

* describes battle between gods and giants; giants depicted as helpless are dragged up the stairs to worship gods * athena grabs Alkyoneos by the hair and rags him up the stair to worship Zeus * Nike on the right crowns Athena in victory * gaia the earth goddess lokson in horror and pleads for the fate of her sons, the giants

Answer 84

* god's victory over the giants offers a parallel to Alexander the great's defeat of the Persians * also acts as an allegory of a Greek military victory by Eumenes II

Answer 85

Style: Hellenistic Location: Rome Date: c. 100 BCE

Answer 86

* Bronze * older mana, past his prime, looks defeated * smashed nose; lips sunken in suggesting broken teeth * cauliflower ears * nude fighter; hands wrapped in leather bands * figure evinces sadness, stoicism, and determination * rare surviving Hellenisitc bronze * blood, denoted in copper, drops from his face onto his right arm and thigh * copper used to highlight his lips and nipples, the straps on his leather gloves and the wounds on his head

Answer 87

May have been good luck charm for athletes; evidence of to3es worn away from being touched

Answer 88

* may have been part of a group or perhaps a single sculpture, head turned to face an unseen opponent * founding a Roman bath in Rome

Answer 89

Style: Archaic - Hellenistic Location: Athens, Greece Date: c. 600 BCE

Answer 90

* a plaza at the base of the Acropolis in Athens with commercial, civic religious, and social buildings where ceremonies took place * setting for the Panathenaic Festival, ceremonies, and parades to honor Athena * The Panathenaic Way cutes through along a hilly terrain from the northwestern to the southeastern corners

Answer 91

* surrounding the plaza were important buildings, including: a bouleuterion, a chamber used by a council of 500 citizens, called a coule, who were chosen by a lot to serve for one year, a tholos: round structure manned by senators for emergency meetings, dining hall * several stoas covered walkways with columns on one side and wall on the other

Answer 92

Style: Classical Artist: Iktinos & Kallikrates Location: Athens, Greece Date: c. 450 BCE

Answer 93

* greek predilection for algebra and geometry omnipresent in design of building- 17 columns on the side and 8 columns in the front, ratio of length is the width 9:4 * unusually light interior had 2 windows in the cella * floor curves upward in the center of the facade to drain off rainwater and to deflect appearance of sagging at the ends * since columns at the ends are surrounded by light, they are made thicker so as to look the same as the other columns * ionic elements in a Doric temple: the reaer room contains Ionic capitals, and frize on interior is Ionic

Answer 94

* interior built to house a massive statue of Athena, to whom the building was dedicated; also included the treasure of the Delian League * the statue, made of gold and ivory over a wooden core, no longer exists

Answer 95

* constructed under the leadership of Pericles after the Persian sack of Athens in 480 bce destroyed the original acropolis * pericles used the extra funds in the Persian war treasury to build the Acropolis; Greek allies were furios that the funds were not returned to them

Answer 96

* built as a Greek temple dedicated to Athena, the patroness of Athens: Athena and Poseidon vied for control over Athens and offered gifts to the populace to entice them, Poseidon made slat water spring from the ground on the Acropolis, athen made olive tree grow on site * sacred sites associated with these deeds in Erechtheum, temple adjacent to Parthenon * after Greek period, Parthenon became a Greek Orthodox church then Roman Catholic church dedicated to mary * in islamic period, converted to a mosque * destroyed the Venetians in an attack against the Turks * Half of the sculptures were removed to England by Lord Elgin in 19th century

Answer 97

Style: Classical Artist: Kallikrates Location: Athens, Greece Date: c. 450 BCE

Answer 98

* tetrastyle (4 columns) * amphiprostyle (front & rear facades) * ionic temple

Answer 99

* dedicated to Athena Nike- Personification of Victory * built to commemorate Greek victory over the Persians in the Battle of Marathon; Nike is the goddess of victory * once contained a figure of Nike inside

Answer 100

* on the way to the Parthenon * Peloponnesian War- Athens and its allies vs Sparta (Athens' long time nemesis) and allies (431-404 BCE) * compare to victory adjusting her sandal- scul[ted on a balustrade or railing that once framed teh building

Answer 101

Style: Hellenistic Date: 175 BCE marble

Answer 102

* altar is on an elevated platform at the top of a dramatic flight of stairs * a frieze 7.5 ft. high and more than 400 ft. long wraps around monument * ionic columns frame the monument

Answer 103

Function: altar dedicated to Zeus and Athena Context: conscious effort to be in dialogue with the Panathenaic frieze on the Parthenon * parallels made between pergamon victories over barbarians in a recent war, Alexander the Great's defeat of the Persians, and the gods' defeat of the giants in mythology

Answer 104

Style: Classical Artist: Niobid Painter Location: Athens Date: 450 BCE

Answer 105

* clay, red-figure technique with white highlights * first time in vase painting that isocephalism (tradition of depicting heads of figures on the same level) has been discarded * may have been the influence of wall paintings, although almost no Greek wall paintings survive. numerous figures placed at various levels

Answer 106

Technique: red-figure ware Function: ceremonial krater; practical kraters used for mixing water and wine or storing liquids History: found in Orvieto, Italy; many Greek vases found in Etruscan tombs

Answer 107

* called the Niobides Krater bc killing of Niobe's children is depicted on one side: NIobe who had 7 sons and 7 daughters bragged about her fertility to the god Leto who only had 2 children. Leto's 2 children Apollo and Artemis sought revenge by killing Kiobe's 14. Niobe is punished for her hubris. Children are slaughtered * other other side of vase, story is subject of scholarly debate: One theory is that is represents Herakles in center surrounded by heroes in arms and Athena ( on the left), another theory is that warrior of Marathon are depicted placing themselves before a sculpture of Herakles seeking protection in upcoming battle

Answer 108

Style: Republican Location: House of the Faun, Pompeii Date: c. 100 BCE mosaic republican copy of 100 bce mosaic

Answer 109

* crowded with nervous excitement * extremely complex interweaving of figures; spatial illusionism through foreshortening, chiaroscuro, reflection in shield

Answer 110

* Alexander at left does not wear a helmet showing his bravery * pierces body of an enemy with his spear without glancing at victim * wide eye is trained on Darius * darius: center right on chariot, horrified, weakly cedes victory, charioteer commands horses to make their escape * darius looks stunned at his brother Oxyanthres is stabbed, brother portrayed here as sacrificing himself to save the king * dying man's right hand is still gripping his weapon, as though he wished to pull it out of his body, but his body is already collapsing onto bloody corpse of black horse

Answer 111

Function: dedicated to the goddess Minerva, Etruscan equivalent to Greek Athen Materials: mud brick and wood, perishable materials

Answer 112

* tufa and fresco * ancient convention of men painted in darker colors than women * polychrome checkerboard pattern on ceiling; circles may symbolize time; pattern may reflect motifs on fabric tents erected for funeral banquets

Answer 113

* little architecture survives; model drawn from descriptions * temple raised on a podium; defined visible entrance * deep porch places doorways away from steps

Answer 114

Painted tomb in an Etruscan necropolis

Answer 115

Style: Etruscan Location: Tarquinia, Italy Date: c. 480 BCE

Answer 116

Function: roman floor mosaic found in a house in Pompeii, based on an original Greek mural painting Technique: use of tesserae instead of previously used pebbles * tesserae allow for greater flexibility and more complex compositions and shadings

Answer 117

* steps in front direct attention to the deep porch; entrances emphasized * 3 doors represent 3 gods; interior divided into 3 spaces * etruscan variation of Greek Capitals, called tuscan order * Inspired by Greek architecture but different: columns unfluted, made of wood, not marble, pediments made of wood and no sculptures, etruscan columns spaced further apart (made of lighter material), used sculpture made of terracotta rather than stone on roofs

Answer 118

Style: Etruscan Location: Veii Date: c. 500 BCE

Answer 119

* funerals seen as moments in which to celebrate the life of the deceased * dancing figures play musical instruments in festive celebration of the dead * trees spring up between amin figures and shrubbery grows beneath reclining couches- rural setting

Answer 120

* full length portraits * great concentration on the upper bodies, less on the legs * bodies make an unnatural L-shape at the waist * broad shoulder, knotted hair, and simple anatomical details

Answer 121

Style: Etruscan Location: Cerveteri Date: c. 520 BCE

Answer 122

* banqueting couples recline while eating in the ancient manner * named after a triclinium, an ancient Roman dining table, which appears in the fresco

Answer 123

Function: sarcophagus of a married couple, whose ashes were placed inside, or perhaps a large urn used for ashes of the dead Technique: large terracotta construction made in 4 separate pieces and joined together

Answer 124

* depicts ancient tradition of reclining while eating; men and women ate together, unlike in ancient Greece * symbiotic relationship; men has a protective arm around woman and woman feeds man, reflecting high standing women had in Etruscan society

Answer 125

* both once held objects in their hands- perhaps man held an egg to symbolize life after death; or woman holding bottle of perfume or pomegranate * couples reclines against wineskins that act as cushions wineskins allude to ceremony of sharing wine at funerary rituals

Answer 126

* masterpiece of terra cotta casting * figure has spirit, strides quickly forward * archaic Greek smile * meant to be seen from below * tightly fitting garment * hair in knots, dangles down around shoulders * originally brightly painted

Answer 127

* unlike Greek sculpture, which appears in pediments and it made of stone, Etruscans prefer terra cotta figure that are mounted on roof lines * one of 4 large figure that once stood on the roof temple at Veii * part of a scene from Greek mythology involving the third labor of Hercules; Apollo looks directly at Hercules, an important figure in Etruscan religion * may have been carved by Vulca of Veii, most famous Etruscan sculptor of the age

Answer 128

Style: Republican/Imperial Roman Location: Pompeii Date: 60 CE

Answer 129

* cut stone and fresco * narrow entrance to the home sandwiched between several shops * large reception area called the atrium which is open to the sky and has a catch basin called an impluvium in the center; rooms called cubicula radiate around atrium * peristyle garden in rear with fountain, statuary, and more cubicula; this is the private area of the house * axial symmetry of house; someone entering the house can see through to the peristyle garden in the rear * exterior of house lacks windows; interior lighting comes from the atrium and the peristyle

Answer 130

* private citizen's home in Pompeii, originally built during the Republic with early imperial additions

Answer 131

* 2 brothers owned the house; both were freedmen who made their money as merchants * extravagant home symbolized owners'' wealth * after the earthquake of 62 AD. many wealthy Romans left Pompeii leading to the rise of the nouveau riche

Answer 132

Style: Imperial Roman Location: Rome Italy Date: 75 CE

Answer 133

stadium meant for wild and dangerous spectacles - a gladiator combat, animal hunts, naval battles- but not religious persecution

Answer 134

* accommodated 50,000 spectators * concrete core, brick casting, travertine facing * 76 entrances and exits circle the facade * interplay of barrel vaults, groin vaults, arches * facade has engaged columns: first story is Tuscan, second story is Ionic, third story is Corinthian, top story is flattened Corinthian ( above squared windows at top level are small brackets meant to hold flagstaffs; staffs are anchors for retractable canvas roof called a velarium used to protect crowd * sand placed on floor to absorb blood * hypogeum and subterranean part of an ancient building

Answer 135

* real name is Flavian Amphitheater; name Colosseum comes from a colossal statue of Nero that used to be adjacent * building illustrates what popular entertainment was like for ancient Romans * entrances and staircases were separated by marble and iron railing to keep social classes separate; women and lower classes sat at the top leve * much of the marble was pulled off in the middle ages and repurposed

Answer 136

Style: Republican Location: Otricoli Date: 50 BCE

Answer 137

* veristic style/verism: form of realism (hyper-realistic); over exaggerated; extremely aged and care worn * Bust sculpture: portrait of a person that includes the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and breast, usually mounted on a base or column

Answer 138

* admire age of the elderly * symbolizes virtues of: wisdom, determination, experience, valor and strength * all romans hoped to obtain these virtues

Answer 139

* individual depicted is unknown * political leader * an elder - "senior citizen"

Answer 140

* debate: is it a true portrait or was it exaggerated? * part of Republican Roman era * unlike Greek, the Romans believed that a head was enough to suffice as a portrait

Answer 141

Style: Augustan (Imperial) Location: Primaporta, Italy Date: 25 CE

Answer 142

* marble - liley a copy: most likely one of many copies * contrapposto stance * bas-relief on the breastplate * 6ft. 8 in. tall

Answer 143

Function, visual propaganda, shows religion of Rome Content: breastplate, idealized statue, young and attractive * cupid symbolizes divine lineage (son of venus, julius caesar claimed to be descended from Venus) * military uniform shows his leadership battle

Answer 144

1 . Tellus (mother earth) holding 2 babies and cornucopia 2. Apollo on a winged griffin 3. Diana riding a stag 4 and 5. represent the captive provinces of Gaul and Spain 6. represent Augustus 8. Sol (god of sun) driving a chariot 9. Caelus (sky god) spreading the heavens over the scene 10. Aurora (the dawn) holds an urn 11. LUna ( the moon) holds a torch 12. Sphinxes, represent defeat of Cleopatra in Egypt

Answer 145

* Pax Romana - Peace in Rome: 200 years of Peace * Augustus is first emperor of Rome * found at the villa of his wife Livia * power of Athens

Answer 146

Style: Imperial Artist: Architect - Apollodorus of Damascus Date: 112 CE

Answer 147

* basilica Ulpia * largest in rome * used for matters of justice and commerce * mainly marble

Answer 148

* forums were the civic, juridical, and social heart of the city of ancient Rome; included a temple * showcase power * glorify the accomplishments of Emperor Trajan

Answer 149

* 125 ft. tall * frieze tells story of Trajan's victory over the Dacians: bas-relief, shows preparing for battle, sacrifices, leading troops * wraps around 23 times * moved a hill

Answer 150

* Flavian Dynasty ended in a similar way to the Julio-Claudian: Nero and Domitian had expensive lifestyles and egos * first non-Italian to rule Rome: Trajan - armies went further distances, more social programs, so popular he was called Optimis (The Best) * felicior Augusto melior Traiano: luckier than Augustus, better than Trajan

Answer 151

Style: Imperial Location: Rome, Italy Date: 125 CE

Answer 152

* concrete * dome - a rounded vault forming the roof of a building with a circular base: gets lighter as it increases in height, coffers- sunken decorative panels * oculus - Latin for eye, opening at the top of a dome that lets light in * front facade has a deep porch * pediment * with monolithic Corinthian columns

Answer 153

* a temple to all the gods * contained sculptures of the gods * expression of Hadrian's wealth and power * place where the emperor could hold court

Answer 154

* oculus serves to let light in * dome: vault of the heavens * interior space: rob of the earth * originally filled with bronze statues

Answer 155

* built of Hadrian: may have been started by Trajan, everywhere he went a statue and/or arch was set up in his honor * synthesis of tradition and innovation * later was used as a Catholic Church * one of the best preserved building of antiquity * admired Greek culture

Answer 156

Style: Late Imperial Date: 250 CE

Answer 157

* high relief * chaotic scene * no illusion of space behind figures * rejection of classical representation

Answer 158

* burial for unknown wealthy person * display wealth and status of the deceased

Answer 159

* battle scene: romans vs. northern foes: romans are more attractive than the enemy * leader is the son of Trajan Decius: hero, no helmet, invincible * lots of movement

Answer 160

* reflects influence of Christianity and other eastern religions * afterlife for human body * emperors continue to be cremated at first; private citizens opt for burial * demand for sarcophagi increased; major industry * wester: reliefs on front and sides eastern: all sides * greek mythology was most common subject * repetition of subjects indicated pattern books * purchased by Cardinal Ludovisi in 1621 after his discovery of Rome