Unit 4 (part 1&2) DNA Flashcards
Swiss chemist Identified the DNA while studying white blood cell
Later called it — changed to — deoxyribonucleic acid / DNA
Friedrich Miescher
Nuclein
Nucleic Acid
Timeline
(Yr) nuclein
Phosphate-sugar-base
Other DNA molecule
X-ray crystallography
Double stranded DNA
Friedrich Miescher
Phoebus Levene
Erwin Chargaff
Rosalind F. & Maurice W.
James W. & Francis C.
1st scientist to formulate an accurate description of this molecule’s complex (double-helix structure)
(Yr) - noble price in — & —
Watson and Crick
Physiology & Medicine
Something from the dead type S bacteria was transforming the type R bacteria and S. Griffith called this process —
transformation
S-bacteria =
R-bacteria =
Heated s-bacteria =
Mixed s&r bacteria =
Mouse dies = s-bacteria cell found in heart
Mouse lives = no bacterial cell
Mouse lives = no bacterial cell
Mouse dies = s-bacteria cell found in heart
Phases of genetic material of T2 Phage
Phage attaches to E.coli, inject chromosomes
Chromosomes breaks down and replicates
Generates phage structural components
Phage particles assemble
Bacterial cell wall lyses release phages
Leading up to the Discovery….
1868:
1910:
1928:
1944:
1950:
1952:
1953:
DNA “Saga” began when Swiss
biochemist Miescher isolated Nuclein
Levene - Tetranucleotide Hypothesis
Griffith - Transforming Principle
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty - DNA is
Transforming Principle
Chargaff’s Rules - A=T, G=C
Hershey & Chase - Blender Experiment
Watson & Crick - A Structure for DNA
Who
X-ray diffraction work on ram sperm and DNA
photographs of DNA showing crystalline structure
Maurice Wilkins
Who
English physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert
Previously worked on x-ray diffraction patterns in coal and carbon
Rosalind Franklin
“We realized that if DNA was
the gene material, then we
had just shown that genes
could crystalize…”
Raymond Gosling
Discovered 2 forms of DNA: - form (——) and -
form (——)
Focused on the crystalline “-“ form while Wilkins was interested in “-“ form, as it was the biological form
Rosalind F.
A
Dehydrated
B
Hydrated
solved basic mathematics of helical diffraction
theory
Alec stokes
Taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 under franklin’s instructions
Photograph 51
Information molecule
Polymers
Monomers are called —
Thousands of shorter segments of — called —
DNA
DNA molecules
Nucleotides
Genes
Nucleotides monomers built from 3 simple molecular parts;
Deoxyribose sugar,
Phosphate group, and
Nitrogenous base
— orientation and is important for the copying of DNA
DNA strand are connected by —
Antiparallel
Hydrogen bonds
Creates consistency in the nucleotide sequence of the two DNA polymers….
Complementary base pairing
Biological Function of DNA
• DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called ——
• A chromosome consists of smaller segments called ——
> Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called ——
proteins
genes
codons
Replication always starts at specific locations on the
DNA, which are called ——
>In E.coli, origin about ——
>two Y-shaped structures called —— replication bubble.
origins of replication
245 base pairs long
replication forks forming
Enumeration
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Binds and stabilizes
Relieves overwinding strain
Synthesize RNA primer at 5’ end = 5’ end
Use of parental DNA as a template
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end replace DNA nucleotides
Joins Okazaki fragments
Helicase
SSBP
Topoisomerase
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase
ENUMERATION
DNA REPLICATION (THeSis PDOLLi)
Topoisomerase
Helicase
SSBP
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase
Single strand
Composed of ——
RNA
Sugar
Phosphate
Phosphodiester linkage
Nitrogenous base
A,G,U,C
RNA Synthesis / Transcription
• Initiation Stage
a.
b.
•—— Stage
• Termination Stage
a.
Exons-
Introns-
Promoter Region
RNA polymerase
Elongation
Termination region
protein coding regions
protein non-coding regions
Protein synthesis/ Translation
• — nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called “——”
•—— codons in the genetic code
• Start codon:
• Stop codons:
mRNA
codons
64
AUG (methionine)
UGA, UAG, UAA
• Translation process:
a. Initiation Stage
1.
2.
3.
4.
Small ribosomal unit attached to the start codon of mRNA.
Amino acid brought by specific tRNA
TRNA anticodon will complement with the mRNA codon.
Attachment of the large ribosomal unit (with A, P, and E sites) completing the translation complex.
b. Elongation process
-Large ribosomal subunit:
receiving the incoming amino acid.
where the peptide bond between amino acid formed
Exit site of uncharged tRNA
A site (aminoacyl tRNA binding site)
P site (peptidyl tRNA binding site
E site
c. Termination stage
-elongation stops when….
it reaches the stop
codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).
Gene repair
Base — & — repairs
Base — repair
— — repair
Mechanism of double strand break
Mismatches & mismatch
Excision
Nucleotide excision
Homologous recombination
Non homologous end joining
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA (replication) RNA (transcription) PROTEIN (translation)
Applications of CMB
— removal of cells, tissue or organs.
— aseptic cultivation
— removal of cells
— main genetic materials of cellular organisms
— sequencing, analysis
One way of conserving germ-plasm resources
Cell & tissue culture
DNA-based technologies (gene expression, genetic engineering, molecular/DNA marker)
Tissue culture
In plants
In animals
DNA
DNA technology
Preserving DNA
Basic unit of heredity
Variant form of given gene
Gene
Allele
Give the ff;
Uses of information in general expression
Uses of genetic engineering
How molecular markers used in DNA analysis
Gene information describing crop phenology
prediction of crop growth status under stress
Evaluation of the effect of fertilizer
Plant protection
Molecular design breeding
Quality improvements
Collection of samples
DNA extraction
Quality & quantity checking
PCR
Gel electrophoresis & viewing
Scoring and analysis
Enumeration
DNA markers;
SNP
RAPD
AFLP
SSR
STR
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Random amplified polymorphic DNA
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
Simple sequence repeats
Single tandem repeat
In vitro process which aims to make many copies of DNA region
PCR
Application of DNA marker analysis in rice researches
Gene Mapping, Cloning and Marker Assisted Breeding
Cultivar identification & analysis of seed purity
Evaluation of germplasm resources
