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CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > Unit 4 (part 1&2) DNA > Flashcards

Unit 4 (part 1&2) DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Swiss chemist Identified the DNA while studying white blood cell
Later called it — changed to — deoxyribonucleic acid / DNA

A

Friedrich Miescher
Nuclein
Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

Timeline
(Yr) nuclein
Phosphate-sugar-base
Other DNA molecule
X-ray crystallography
Double stranded DNA

A

Friedrich Miescher
Phoebus Levene
Erwin Chargaff
Rosalind F. & Maurice W.
James W. & Francis C.

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3
Q

1st scientist to formulate an accurate description of this molecule’s complex (double-helix structure)
(Yr) - noble price in — & —

A

Watson and Crick
Physiology & Medicine

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4
Q

Something from the dead type S bacteria was transforming the type R bacteria and S. Griffith called this process —

A

transformation

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5
Q

S-bacteria =
R-bacteria =
Heated s-bacteria =
Mixed s&r bacteria =

A

Mouse dies = s-bacteria cell found in heart
Mouse lives = no bacterial cell
Mouse lives = no bacterial cell
Mouse dies = s-bacteria cell found in heart

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6
Q

Phases of genetic material of T2 Phage

A

Phage attaches to E.coli, inject chromosomes
Chromosomes breaks down and replicates
Generates phage structural components
Phage particles assemble
Bacterial cell wall lyses release phages

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7
Q

Leading up to the Discovery….
1868:
1910:
1928:
1944:
1950:
1952:
1953:

A

DNA “Saga” began when Swiss
biochemist Miescher isolated Nuclein
Levene - Tetranucleotide Hypothesis
Griffith - Transforming Principle
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty - DNA is
Transforming Principle
Chargaff’s Rules - A=T, G=C
Hershey & Chase - Blender Experiment
Watson & Crick - A Structure for DNA

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8
Q

Who
X-ray diffraction work on ram sperm and DNA
photographs of DNA showing crystalline structure

A

Maurice Wilkins

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9
Q

Who
English physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert
Previously worked on x-ray diffraction patterns in coal and carbon

A

Rosalind Franklin

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10
Q

“We realized that if DNA was
the gene material, then we
had just shown that genes
could crystalize…”

A

Raymond Gosling

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11
Q

Discovered 2 forms of DNA: - form (——) and -
form (——)
Focused on the crystalline “-“ form while Wilkins was interested in “-“ form, as it was the biological form

A

Rosalind F.
A
Dehydrated
B
Hydrated

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12
Q

solved basic mathematics of helical diffraction
theory

A

Alec stokes

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13
Q

Taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 under franklin’s instructions

A

Photograph 51

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14
Q

Information molecule
Polymers
Monomers are called —
Thousands of shorter segments of — called —

A

DNA
DNA molecules
Nucleotides
Genes

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15
Q

Nucleotides monomers built from 3 simple molecular parts;

A

Deoxyribose sugar,
Phosphate group, and
Nitrogenous base

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16
Q

— orientation and is important for the copying of DNA
DNA strand are connected by —

A

Antiparallel
Hydrogen bonds

17
Q

Creates consistency in the nucleotide sequence of the two DNA polymers….

A

Complementary base pairing

18
Q

Biological Function of DNA
• DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called ——
• A chromosome consists of smaller segments called ——
> Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called ——

A

proteins
genes
codons

19
Q

Replication always starts at specific locations on the
DNA, which are called ——
>In E.coli, origin about ——
>two Y-shaped structures called —— replication bubble.

A

origins of replication
245 base pairs long
replication forks forming

20
Q

Enumeration
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Binds and stabilizes
Relieves overwinding strain
Synthesize RNA primer at 5’ end = 5’ end
Use of parental DNA as a template
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end replace DNA nucleotides
Joins Okazaki fragments

A

Helicase
SSBP
Topoisomerase
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase

21
Q

ENUMERATION
DNA REPLICATION (THeSis PDOLLi)

A

Topoisomerase
Helicase
SSBP
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase

22
Q

Single strand
Composed of ——

A

RNA
Sugar
Phosphate
Phosphodiester linkage
Nitrogenous base
A,G,U,C

23
Q

RNA Synthesis / Transcription

• Initiation Stage
a.
b.
•—— Stage
• Termination Stage
a.
Exons-
Introns-

A

Promoter Region
RNA polymerase
Elongation
Termination region
protein coding regions
protein non-coding regions

24
Q

Protein synthesis/ Translation

• — nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called “——”
•—— codons in the genetic code
• Start codon:
• Stop codons:

A

mRNA
codons
64
AUG (methionine)
UGA, UAG, UAA

25
Q

• Translation process:

a. Initiation Stage
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

Small ribosomal unit attached to the start codon of mRNA.
Amino acid brought by specific tRNA
TRNA anticodon will complement with the mRNA codon.
Attachment of the large ribosomal unit (with A, P, and E sites) completing the translation complex.

26
Q

b. Elongation process
-Large ribosomal subunit:

receiving the incoming amino acid.
where the peptide bond between amino acid formed
Exit site of uncharged tRNA

A

A site (aminoacyl tRNA binding site)
P site (peptidyl tRNA binding site
E site

27
Q

c. Termination stage
-elongation stops when….

A

it reaches the stop
codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).

28
Q

Gene repair
Base — & — repairs
Base — repair
— — repair
Mechanism of double strand break

A

Mismatches & mismatch
Excision
Nucleotide excision
Homologous recombination
Non homologous end joining

29
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA (replication) RNA (transcription) PROTEIN (translation)

30
Q

Applications of CMB
— removal of cells, tissue or organs.
— aseptic cultivation
— removal of cells
— main genetic materials of cellular organisms
— sequencing, analysis
One way of conserving germ-plasm resources

A

Cell & tissue culture
DNA-based technologies (gene expression, genetic engineering, molecular/DNA marker)
Tissue culture
In plants
In animals
DNA
DNA technology
Preserving DNA

31
Q

Basic unit of heredity
Variant form of given gene

A

Gene
Allele

32
Q

Give the ff;
Uses of information in general expression
Uses of genetic engineering
How molecular markers used in DNA analysis

A

Gene information describing crop phenology
prediction of crop growth status under stress
Evaluation of the effect of fertilizer

Plant protection
Molecular design breeding
Quality improvements

Collection of samples
DNA extraction
Quality & quantity checking
PCR
Gel electrophoresis & viewing
Scoring and analysis

33
Q

Enumeration
DNA markers;
SNP
RAPD
AFLP
SSR
STR

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism
Random amplified polymorphic DNA
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
Simple sequence repeats
Single tandem repeat

34
Q

In vitro process which aims to make many copies of DNA region

A

PCR

35
Q

Application of DNA marker analysis in rice researches

A

Gene Mapping, Cloning and Marker Assisted Breeding
Cultivar identification & analysis of seed purity
Evaluation of germplasm resources

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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