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CHEM 101 > Unit 4 - Osmosis and Membrane Processes > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Osmosis and Membrane Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Measurement of solute concentration in a fluid

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2
Q

What does high osmolality equal?

A

High solute concentration

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3
Q

What does increased osmolality in blood tirgger? 2

A

Desire to drink
Release of antidiuretic hormone

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4
Q

What does decreased osmolality in blood trigger? 2

A

inhibits desire to drink
Inhibits release of antidiuretic hormone

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5
Q

What does serum osmolality tests assess? 4

A

Hydration status
hyperglycemia
functioning of hypothalamus
posioning by ethylene glycol

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6
Q

Describe antifreeze poisoning. What happens and how do you treat it?

A

Oxidation reactions in liver + kidneys metabolize ethylene glycol

Toxic metabolites causes metabolic acidosis and nephrotoxosis. Oxalate is cytotoxic

IV fluid therapy to restore hydration,
correct electrolyte imbalances, promote
kidney function and excretion of ethylene
glycol
 Sodium bicarbonate often included to
counteract excessive acid levels 6

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7
Q

How do you treat antifree poisoning

A

 Solution of diluted ethanol often given as
treatment
 Works by competing with ethylene
glycol for binding site on enzyme that
converts ethylene glycol into toxic
metabolites
 Ethylene glycol can be eliminated from
the body unchanged

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8
Q

Describe Isotonic fluid therapy

A
  • Osmolality comparable to that of normal blood
    Extracellular fluid has same conc. of dissolved substances as intracellular fluid
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9
Q

What is an ex of isotonic fluid therapy

A

0.9 % NaCl (saline)

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10
Q

Describe Hypotonic fluids

A

 Osmolality is less than that of blood
 Higher concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular fluid
water flows into the cell and causes it to swell and possibly to break

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11
Q

Describe hypertonic fluids

A

 Osmolality is greater than that of blood
 extracellular fluid has higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm
water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink and become shriveled

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12
Q

Describe Electrolytes

A

 Small and most abundant solute in body
 Greatest ability to cause fluid shifts
between compartments
 Concentration in body fluids is
expressed as milliequivalents per liter

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13
Q

Describe organic molecules in body fluids. List some examples. 4

A

 Large and not as numerous
 Unevenly distributed among fluid
compartments
 Examples: soluble proteins,
phospholipids, cholesterol,
triglycerides

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14
Q

What is the relationship between osmolality and water?

A

 Any change in the concentration of
any solute incurs movement of
water from one compartment to
another
 water crosses cell membrane
or
 water crosses capillary walls
13

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15
Q

Describe what an edema is. What are common signs?

A

 Abnormal, excess accumulation of
fluid in tissue
 Common sign of abnormal movement
of fluid from vascular space into
interstitial space
 Pulmonary edema
 Cutaneous edema

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16
Q

Describe the type of fluid: Crystalloid

A

Compo of water rich with electrolytes. Either hypotonic or isotonic
- Solutes are small, can cross vascular wall
- Good for rehydration of extravascular spaces and correcting acid/base imbalances

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17
Q

Describe the type of fluid: Colloid

A

 Heavy molecules suspended in
isotonic crystalloid
 Solutes too large to cross vascular
wall
 “hold” fluid in intravascular space

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18
Q

Give two specific examples of solutes in the body

A

Electrolytes, organic molecules

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19
Q

What type of fluid is used for fluid therapy contains large solutes

A

Hypertonic?

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20
Q

What is membrane processes used for?

A

 Absorption of nutrients or excretion
of waste through plasma membrane
may occur with or without
expenditure of energy (ATP)

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21
Q

What two membrane processes are there?

A

Passive processses
Active processes

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22
Q

What three ways can a membrane be permeable

A

freely permeable
impermeable
selectively impermeable

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower conc.

= Concentration gradient

24
Q

What factors determin whether a cell may pass through the cell membrane?

A

 molecular size
 lipid solubility
 molecular charge
channels allow certain ions to
pass through

25
Q

What is facilitated diffusion? Give an example

A

 Selective carrier proteins assist in
movement of molecules from higher
to lower concentration
 Process limited by number of carrier
proteins available
 Requires no energy from cell

EX. glucose moves into muscle
and fat cells

26
Q

What is osmosis? Give an example

A

 Passive movement of water through a
semipermeable membrane from area
of low solute concentration to higher
solute concentration

EX. water moves from
stomach into bloodstream

27
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

force of water moving from one
side of membrane to the other because of
differences in solute concentration

28
Q

The difference between oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure? (not good)

A

Osmotic pressure is the force that drives the movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a high solute concentration, while oncotic pressure is the force exerted by proteins in the blood that draws water into the blood vessels.

Oncotic = Pull

29
Q

What happens when the LVLS of protein in plasma decreased and the balance is disrupted?

A

SQ edema
ascites

30
Q

Describe filtration. Give an example

A

It is based on a pressure gradient

Liquids may be pushed thru membrane if pressure on one side is greater than that of the other side

EX: filtration of blood in kidneys

31
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure caused by?

A

beating heart

32
Q

What is dialysis? What is it used for?

A

A type of diffusion used for animals with acute kidney failure

to remove toxins the animal’s blood
is circulated through an artificial
kidney with semipermeable
filaments

33
Q

How does dialysis work?

A

An electrolyte solution called
dialysate is driven through the
artificial kidney in the opposite
direction of the blood
 Small solutes move out of the blood
into the dialysate
 Move from higher solute
concentration to a lower one

34
Q

Is diffusion an active or passive membrance process?

A

Passive. It moves from a high conc. To a low conc. So it has a uniform space

35
Q

What is another name for hydrostatic pressure in the body?

A

Capillary blood pressure?

The pushing force of water

36
Q

What is active membrane processes?

A

Movement of molecules and substances
across the cell membrane in which the
cell is required to use energy

37
Q

Why can’t some molecules enter the cell by passive routes? 3

A

not lipid soluble
too LG to pass membrane pore
Going against conc. gradient

38
Q

What two things make up active transport? What two things make up Cytosis?

A
  • Symport system
  • Antiport system
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
39
Q

Describe active transport and how it works?

A

Some amino acids and ions must rely
on a carrier protein and energy (ATP)
to move them through the plasma
membrane

40
Q

What four electrolytes can all cells active transport?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

40
Q

What is the differences between the symport system and antiport system?

A

Symport : all substances move in the same direction

Antiport : Some substances move in one directions, other move in opposite direction

40
Q

What are the differences in ionic concentrations?

A

 Critical in maintaining proper fluid
balances in all cells and tissue types
 Important in normal functioning of
irritable cells
 Energy from cellular respiration
fuels active transport
 Examples: myofibrils and neurons

40
Q

What is cytosis? How many types and what are they?

A

 Mechanism for bringing nutrients into
the cell and ejecting waste
requires ATP
Two types:
 endocytosis
 exocytosis

41
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

 Transports large particles or liquids into
the cell by engulfing them
 phagocytosis
 pinocytosis
 receptor-mediated endocytosis

42
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

 Cells engulf solid material
 Vesicle formed called a phagosome
 Macrophage – debris, dead cells,
invaders
Phagosome fuses with
lysosomes for digestion

 White blood cell – bacteria,
viruses

43
Q

How do macrophages and WBC move?

A

Amoeboid motion called pseudopodia

44
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

 Cells engulf liquid material
 Involves only minute infolding of
plasma membrane
 Important in cells lining small
intestine and renal tubules

45
Q

Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

 Very specific process
 Occurs in cells with specific
proteins in their plasma membranes
 Ligands bind to specific receptors
 vesicle is formed = coated pit
 Insulin binding to insulin receptors

46
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

 Cells export intracellular substances into
the extracellular space
 Substances packaged in vesicles by ER
and Golgi body
 Vesicles move through cytoplasm to cell
surface, fuse with plasma membrane,
and release contents into extracellular
fluid
 Neurons release packages of
acetylcholine
 Endothelial cells lining trachea
secrete mucus
 Mast cells release thousands of
granules of histamine during allergic
reactions

47
Q

What is exocytosis simplified into two parts?

A

 Excretion – waste products
 Secretion – manufactured
molecules

48
Q

Describe what membrane potential = voltage?

A

 Potential electrical energy created by
the separation of opposite charges
 Refers to changes in distribution of
charged particles on either side of the
cell membrane
Plasma membrane more permeable
to some molecules than others

49
Q

What is the normal range of membrane potential?

A

-20 to -22 millivolts (mV)

50
Q

What are the principal ions involved in membrane potential? What do they do?

A

K+ and Na+

 Normally more K+ inside cell
K+ moves out of cell by diffusion
 Na+ more concentrated outside the cell
Cannot easily enter the cell
Every cycle of active transport:
3 Na+ exit for every 2K+ entering

51
Q

What changes are included with resting membrane potential? 4

A

 environmental tonicity
 osmotic pressure
 temperature
 contact with neighboring cells

52
Q

How can a change of membrane potential affect a cell? list an example of it

A

Alters behaviour of some structural and enzymatic proteins

ex. muscle cells - contract due to changes in membrane potential

53
Q

Which type of exocytosis involves waste products being released?

A

excretions

CHEM 101 (7 decks)

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