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Biochem-Lec > Unit 4: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity > Flashcards

Unit 4: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

Identify location/structure:
where transmission of hereditary information took place
(19th century)

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

Enumerate:
chromosomes composition

A
  1. histones
  2. nucleic acids
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3
Q

Identify structure:
carry hereditary information (1940s)

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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4
Q

Enumerate:
2 kinds of nucleic acids

A
  1. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  2. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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5
Q

Identify the term:
Both RNA and DNA are polymers from monomers called?

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

Enumerate:
nucleotide composition

A
  1. (nucleotide) base
  2. monosaccharide (sugar)
  3. phosphate
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7
Q

Identify structure:
bicyclic in nature;
two rings are fused together

A

purines

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8
Q

Enumerate:
purines (nitrogenous bases)

A
  1. adenine
  2. guanine
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9
Q

Identify structure:
has only one 6-carbon rings

A

pyrimidine

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10
Q

Enumerate:
pyrimidine (nitrogenous bases)

A
  1. cytosine
  2. thymine (DNA)
  3. uracil (RNA)
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11
Q

Identify the structure:
a compound that consists of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose bonded to a purine or pyrimidine base by β-glycosidic bond

A

nucleoside

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12
Q

Identify the structure:
links the nucleobase and sugar

A

β-glycosidic bond

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13
Q

Identify the nitrogenous bases once bound to the sugar:
uracil
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

A

uracil - uridine
adenine - adenosine
guanine - guanosine
cytosine - cytidine
thymine - thymidine

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14
Q

Identify the structure:
a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an -OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’ or the 5’ -OH

A

nucleotide

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15
Q

Identify the structure:
serves as a common currency into which energy gained from food is converted and stored

A

Adenosine 5’ triphosphate (ATP)

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16
Q

Identify the DNA structure level:
the sequence of nucleotides, beginning with the nucleotide that has the free 5’ terminus

A

primary structure

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17
Q

Identify the DNA structure level:
the ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

A

secondary structure

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18
Q

Identify the structure:
a type of secondary structure of DNA in which 2 polynucleotide strands are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashion

A

double helix

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19
Q

Enumerate:
2 types of grooves present based on the DNA double helix model

A
  1. major grooves
  2. minor grooves
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20
Q

Identify the structure:
larger spaces in the DNA double helix structure that serve as binding sites to biomolecules

A

major grooves

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21
Q

Identify the structure:
smaller spaces in the DNA double helix structure that serve as binding sites to small molecules or organic molecules

A

minor grooves

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22
Q

Identify the number of hydrogen bonds:
A and T pair formation

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

Identify the number of hydrogen bonds:
G and C pair formation

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

Identify the term:
main stabilizing force of the DNA double helix

A

canonical base pairing

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25
Q

Identify the structure:
proteins where DNA is coiled around

A

histones

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26
Q

Identify the structure:
formed when the negatively charged DNA molecules and positively charged histones attract one another

A

nucleosomes

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27
Q

Identify the structure:
a core of 8 histone molecules around which the DNA helix is wrapped

A

nucleosomes

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28
Q

Identify the structure:
nucleosomes are further condensed into _________

A

chromatin

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29
Q

Identify the structure:
chromatin fibers are organized into loops, and the loops into bands that provide the superstructure of ___________

A

chromosomes

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30
Q

Identify the difference in structure:
DNA and RNA based on bases

A

DNA bases: A, G, C, T
RNA bases: A, G, C, U

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31
Q

Identify the difference in structure:
DNA and RNA based on sugar

A

DNA sugar: 2-deoxy-D-ribose
RNA: D-ribose

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32
Q

Identify the difference in structure:
DNA and RNA based on strands

A

DNA: double-stranded
RNA: single-stranded

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33
Q

Identify the process:
yields two DNA molecules identical to the original one, ensuring transmission of genetic information to daughter cells with exceptional fidelity

A

replication

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34
Q

Identify the process:
the sequence of bases in DNA is recorded as a sequence of complementary bases in a single-stranded mRNA molecule

A

transcription

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35
Q

Identify the process:
three-base codons on the mRNA corresponding to specific amino acids direct the sequence of building a protein; these codons are recognized by tRNAs carrying the appropriate amino acids

A

translation

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36
Q

Identify the structure:
“machinery” for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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37
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

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38
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: several kinds; variable in size
function: combines with proteins to form ribosomes; acts as a catalyst; a component of ribozymes

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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39
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: variable
function: directs amino sequence of proteins; produced during transcription

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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40
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: processes initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes

A

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

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41
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: affects gene expressions; important in growth and development

A

micro RNA (miRNA)

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42
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out gene being studied

A

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

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43
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: variable
function: involved in activating or silencing specific genes

A

long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)

44
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: protects animal genomes against transposons

A

piwi-associated RNA (piRNA)

45
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
size: variable
function: acts as miRNA sponge, controlling the effects of miRNA

A

circular RNA

46
Q

Identify the structure:
a segment of DNA that carries a base sequence that directs the synthesis of a particular protein, tRNA, or mRNA

A

gene

47
Q

Identify the structure:
a section of DNA that, when transcribed, codes for a protein or RNA

A

exon

48
Q

Identify the structure:
a section of DNA that does not code for anything functional

A

intron

49
Q

Enumerate:
2 functions of DNA in the chromosomes

A
  1. reproduces itself (replication)
  2. supplies the information necessary to make all the RNA and proteins in the body, including enzymes
50
Q

Identify the term:
a point in the DNA called the origin of replication where replication begins

A

replication fork

51
Q

Enumerate:
DNA replication steps

A
  1. DNA structure opening
  2. Relaxation of higher-order structure
  3. Unwinding of the double helix
  4. Primer synthesis by primases
  5. DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase
  6. Ligation of DNA fragments
52
Q

Identify the enzyme:
temporarily introduce either single- or double-strand breaks in DNA

A

topoisomerase or gyrases

53
Q

Identify the enzyme:
special unwinding proteins that attach to one DNA strand and cause the separation of the double helix (unzips)

A

helicase

54
Q

Identify the structure:
short 4 to 15 nucleotides long–RNA oligonucleotides synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates

A

primers/ primases

55
Q

Identify the structure:
needed to initiate the primate-catalyzed synthesis of both daughter strands

A

primers/ primases

56
Q

Identify the enzyme:
joins the nucleotide backbone

A

polymerase

57
Q

Identify the enzyme:
joins the Okazaki fragments and any nicks remaining

A

ligase

58
Q

Identify the term:
a high-precision technique that makes millions of copies of selected DNA fragments within a few hours

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

59
Q

Identify the enzyme (DNA amplification):
extends the primers in each direction as individual nucleotides are assembled and connected on the template DNA, creating 2 copies

A

polymerase

60
Q

T/F:
Nucleosides have a phosphate group.

A

False

61
Q

Identify the level of structure in NA:
order of bases in the polynucleotide sequence

A

primary structure

62
Q

Identify the level of structure in NA:
specifies the genetic code

A

primary structure

63
Q

Identify the level of structure in NA:
three-dimensional conformation of the polynucleotide backbone

A

secondary structure

64
Q

Identify the level of structure in NA:
supercoiling of the molecule

A

tertiary structure

65
Q

Identify the level of structure in NA:
interaction with other classes of macromolecules, such as proteins

A

quaternary structure

66
Q

Identify the compound:
nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds that make up the coding portion of nucleic acids

A

nucleic acid bases

67
Q

T/F:
polymerization of nucleotides produces nucleic acids

A

true

68
Q

Identify the NA:
biopolymer that consists of a backbone of alternating units of 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphate

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

69
Q

T/F:
nucleotide residues of nucleic acids are numbered from the 3’ end to the 5’ end

A

false;
5’ to 3’

70
Q

Identify the level of structure in DNA:
sequence of bases along the pentose-phosphodiester backbone of a DNA molecule

A

primary structure

71
Q

Identify the level of structure in DNA:
ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

A

secondary structure

72
Q

Identify the level of structure in DNA:
three-dimensional arrangement of all atoms of a nucleic acid

A

tertiary structure

73
Q

Identify the level of structure in DNA:
referred to as supercoiling

A

tertiary structure

74
Q

Enumerate:
DNA conformations

A
  1. B-DNA
  2. A-DNA
  3. Z-DNA
75
Q

Identify the DNA conformation:
considered the normal form;
right-handed helix

A

B-DNA

76
Q

Identify the number of base pairs per turn of the helix:
B-DNA

A

10 base pairs

77
Q

Identify the DNA conformation:
right-handed helix but thicker than B-DNA; not found in in-vivo techniques

A

A-DNA

78
Q

Identify the number of base pairs per turn of the helix:
A-DNA

A

11 base pairs

79
Q

Identify the DNA conformation:
left-handed double helix that may play a role in regulation of gene expression

A

Z-DNA

80
Q

T/F:
bases are hydrophobic and interact with each other via hydrophobic bonding

A

true

81
Q

T/F:
many bases adopt a propeller twist

A

true

82
Q

Identify the structure:
extra twists in closed circular DNA

A

DNA supercoils

83
Q

Identify the structure:
type of double-stranded DNA in which the 5’ and 3’ ends of each strand are joined by phosphodiester bonds

A

circular DNA

84
Q

T/F:
prokaryotic DNA is an example of circular DNA that forms supercoils

A

true

85
Q

Identify the type of supercoil:
circular DNA with fewer than normal number of turns of the helix

A

negative supercoils

86
Q

Identify the type of supercoil:
circular DNA with more than normal number of turns of the helix

A

positive supercoils

87
Q

Identify the enzyme:
relax supercoiling in closed circular DNA

A

topoisomerases

88
Q

Identify the class of topoisomerase:
cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand, pass the other end through, and reseal

A

Class I

89
Q

Identify the class of topoisomerase:
cut both strands, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and reseal

A

Class II

90
Q

Identify the enzyme:
bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA

A

DNA gyrase

91
Q

Identify the structure:
result of supercoiling in eukaryotic DNA

A

chromatin

92
Q

Explain:
why structure and spacer regions (spacing) are important in chromatin function

A

affects the rate of mutation

93
Q

Identify the term:
must be added to a sample of DNA to break the hydrogen bonds and to disrupt the stacking interactions

A

energy
(heating in a solution)

94
Q

Identify the process:
heat denaturation of DNA

A

melting

95
Q

T/F:
renaturation is possible on slow heating

A

false;
slow cooling

96
Q

Identify the NA:
consists of long, unbranched chains of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds between the 3’ -OH of one pentose and the 5’ -OH of the next

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

97
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73 and 94 nucleotide residues long; carries an amino acid at its 3’ end

A

tRNA

98
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
found in the site of protein synthesis

A

rRNA

99
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
initially formed as a larger precursor molecule called heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

A

mRNA

100
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins

A

mRNA

101
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
complexes with proteins and forms small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)

A

snRNA

102
Q

Identify the structure:
protein-RNA complexes found in the nucleus that aid in processing RNA molecules for export to the cytosol

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)

103
Q

Identify the structure:
help with processing of the initial mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)

104
Q

T/F:
short stretches of RNA do not have control over gene expression

A

false;
have enormous control

105
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
bind to mRNA and prevent its translation

A

micro RNAs (miRNAs)

106
Q

Identify the type of RNA:
bind to mRNA but lead to the cleavage of the RNA in question

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

Biochem-Lec (5 decks)

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