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biochem-lec > Unit 1 - Biochemistry in the Cell > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biochemistry in the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Distinctive Properties of Living Systems

A
  • complicated and highly organized
  • serve functional purposes
  • actively engaged in energy transformations
  • capacity for self-replication
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2
Q

Organisms capture energy in the form of?

A

special molecules

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3
Q

Organisms capture energy in the form of special molecules such as?

A

o ATP – Adenine Triphosphate
o NADPH – Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

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4
Q

The Fidelity of Self-Replication Resides Ultimately in the Chemical Nature of?

A

DNA

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5
Q

DNA: Two complementary polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions can pair through _______ bonding between their __________ bases.

A

hydrogen
nitrogenous

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6
Q

DNA: Their complementary ___________ sequences give rise to structural complementarity.

A

nucleotide

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7
Q

Formation by e- pair sharing makes ___, ___, ___, and ___ appropriate for the support of life.

A

H, C, N, O

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8
Q

H, O, C and N make up ___% of atoms in the human body

A

99

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9
Q

What property unites H, O, C and N and renders these atoms so appropriate to the chemistry of life?

A

Their ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing

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10
Q

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen percentage in the human body

A

Hydrogen: 63%
Oxygen: 25.5%
Carbon: 9.5%
Nitrogen: 1.4%

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11
Q

Units for Building Complex Structures

A

Simple Molecules

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12
Q

4 Simple molecules

A

o Metabolites
o Macromolecules and Membranes
o Organelles
o The Unit of Life is the Cell

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13
Q

Structural Organization of Complex Biomolecules

A
  1. inorganic precursors
  2. metabolites
  3. building blocks
  4. macromolecules
  5. supramolecular complexes
  6. organelles
  7. the cell
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14
Q

T/F:
Macromolecules and their building blocks have a “sense” or directionality and are informational.

A

True

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15
Q

Biomolecules have characteristic ______-dimensional architecture

A

three

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16
Q

______ forces maintain biological structure and determine biomolecular interactions

A

Weak

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17
Q

What builds proteins?

A

amino acids

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18
Q

What builds polysaccharides?

A

sugars

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19
Q

T/F:
Weak forces profoundly influence the structures and behavior of SELECTED biological molecules.

A

False
all biological molecules

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20
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of?

A

nucleotides

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21
Q

hold atoms together so that molecules are formed

A

covalent bonds

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22
Q

T/F:
Weak forces create interactions that are CONSISTENT under physiological conditions

A

False;
constantly forming and breaking

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23
Q

Energies of weak forces range from _____ to ______

A

0.4 to 30 kJ/mol

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24
Q

Weak forces include?

A
  • van der Waals interactions
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic interactions
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25
Q

mediated by weak chemical forces

A

Biomolecular recognition

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26
Q

Give the values of strength in kJ/mol
* Van der Waals Interactions:
* Hydrogen Bonds:
* Ionic Interactions:
* Hydrophobic Interactions:

A
  • Van der Waals Interactions: 0.4-4.0 kJ/mol
  • Hydrogen Bonds: 12-30 kJ/mol
  • Ionic Interactions: 20 kJ/mol
  • Hydrophobic Interactions: <40 kJ/mol
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27
Q

T/F:
Weak forces RESTRICT organisms to a narrow range of environmental conditions.

A

True

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28
Q

principle that guides the biomolecular interactions that characterize the living state

A

Molecular Recognition Through Structural Complementarity

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29
Q

A type of interaction where strength depends on the relative size of the atoms or molecules and the distance between them

A

Van der Waals interactions

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30
Q

A type of bond where the relative strength is proportional to the polarity of the bond donor and bond acceptor

A

Hydrogen bond

31
Q

T/F:
In van der waals interactions, the size factor determines the area of contact between two molecules: the greater the area, the WEAKER the interaction.

A

False
stronger

32
Q

T/F:
More polar atoms form stronger H bonds.

A

True

33
Q

Type of interaction where strength also depends on the relative polarity of the interacting charged species

A

ionic interaction

34
Q

T/F:
Ionic interactions cannot be H bonds.

A

False
Some ionic interactions are also H bonds: –NH3+ … -OOC-

35
Q

Type of interaction where force is a complex phenomenon determined by a the degree to which the structure of water is disordered as discrete molecules or molecular regions coalesce

A

hydrophobic interactions

36
Q

T/F:
Ionic bonds contribute to the stability of proteins.

A

True

37
Q

Important to biomolecular interactions

A

Van der Waals Forces

38
Q

Enhanced in molecules that are structurally complementary

A

Van der Waals Forces

39
Q

surface protuberance on lysozyme recognized by the antigen-binding site of an antibody against lysozyme

A

Gin121

40
Q

Process of life have durations ranging over ___ orders of magnitude

A

33

41
Q

Plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells

A

single plasma membrane

42
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain nucleus?

A

No

43
Q

Which is larger: prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell?

A

eukaryotic cell
(103-104 times larger)

44
Q

Who designed a thousand DNA segments and combined them to make a synthetic version of the genome of Mycobacterium mycoides?

A

J. Craig Venter and colleagues

45
Q

J. Craig Venter and colleagues designed a thousand DNA segments and combined them to make a synthetic version of the genome of?

A

Mycobacterium mycoides

46
Q

What did mycobacterium mycoides produce?

A

self-replicating cells

47
Q

What do self-replicating cells from mycobacterium mycoides represent?

A

the first artificial living organisms

48
Q

a member of the coliform group of bacteria that colonize the intestinal tract of humans

A

escherichia coli

49
Q

What structures can be found in prokaryotic cells?

A

cell wall
cell membrane
nuclear area or nucleoid
ribosomes
storage granules
cytosol

50
Q

What structures can be found in animal cells?

A

extracellular matrix
cell or plasma membrane
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
cytoskeleton

51
Q

What structures can be found in plant cells?

A

cell wall
cell membrane
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
gogli apparatus
ribosomes
lysosomes
peroxisomes
cytoskeleton
chloroplasts
mitochondria
vacuole

52
Q

cell wall (prokaryotic cell)
molecular composition:
function:

A

peptidoglycan;
mechanical support, protection

53
Q

cell membrane
molecular composition:
function:

A

lipids and proteins;
permeable barrier that controls the entry of substances into the cell

54
Q

nuclear area or nucleoid
molecular composition:
function:

A

single, tightly coiled, circular DNA molecule;
provides operating instructions for the cell

55
Q

ribosomes
molecular composition:
function:

A

composed of small and large subunits;
site of protein synthesis

56
Q

storage granules
molecular composition:
function:

A

storage forms of polymerized metabolites;
metabolic fuel

57
Q

cytosol
molecular composition:
function:

A

gelatinous compartment;
site of intermediary metabolism

58
Q

extracellular matrix
molecular composition:
function:

A

complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids;
cell-to-cell recognition, communication, cell adhesion, protective outer layer

59
Q

nucleus
molecular composition:
function:

A

has a double membrane and nuclear envelope;
repository of genetic information encoded in DNA

60
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum
molecular composition:
function:

A

flattened sacs of internal membrane with ribosomes;
produce proteins

61
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
molecular composition:
function:

A

flattened sacs of internal membrane;
synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids

62
Q

golgi apparatus
molecular composition:
function:

A

flattened membrane-bound vesicles;
packaging and processing of macromolecules

63
Q

mitochondria
molecular composition:
function:

A

surrounded by two membranes;
site of ATP synthesis

64
Q

lysosomes
molecular composition:
function:

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes;
intracellular digestion of materials entering the cell

65
Q

peroxisomes
molecular composition:
function:

A

contain oxidative enzymes;
oxidize certain nutrients

66
Q

cytoskeleton
molecular composition:
function:

A

protein filaments (actin);
shape of the cell, movement

67
Q

cell wall (plant cell)
molecular composition:
function:

A

cellulose fibers in a polysaccharide/ protein matrix;
protection against osmotic or mechanical rupture

68
Q

chloroplasts
molecular composition:
function:

A

double-membrane envelope, with stroma and lumen;
site of photosynthesis

69
Q

vacuole
molecular composition:
function:

A

enclosed by tonoplast (single membrane);
transport and storage of nutrients and cellular waste products

70
Q

genetic elements enclosed in a protein coat

A

viruses

71
Q

Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in a?

A

protein coat

72
Q

T/F:
Viruses are free-living organisms and can reproduce in other structures.

A

False;
not free-living, can reproduce only within cells

73
Q

Viruses show an almost absolute __________ for their particular host cells, infecting and multiplying only within those cells.

A

specificity

biochem-lec (5 decks)

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