Unit 4- Motivation Flashcards
motivations
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct theory
Actions, thoughts, emotions, and intentions are innate and serve as a survival mechanism
Always triggered by external forces
drive-reduction theory
Organism feels tension created by imbalances created by physiological needs.
“Pushes” an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive and restoring homeostasis
arousal theory
levels of alertness and responsiveness.
People are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal- neither too high nor too low.
curiosity motive
helps us understand our environment.
ex) Portenga and tool box+outlets
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
humanistic theory. People are motivated to reach their unique potential (self-actualization)
human beings have three basic needs:
competence
autonomy
relatedness
self-determination theory
(3)
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior because it is inherently meaningful or satisfying.
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment
Undermines our sense of competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
physiological needs
a basic bodily requirement
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
internal state
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
incentives
positive or negative environmental stimuli that lure or repel us.
Yerkes-Dodson law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
affiliation need
the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
feeling insecurely attached to others during childhood can persist into adulthood in two main forms:
anxiety and avoidance
lateral hypothalamus
makes us start eating
ventromedial hypothalamus
makus us stop eating
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.
when its level is low, we feel hunger.
set point
the point at which the “weight thermostat” may be set. when the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy output
sensory-specific satiety
reduced desire to continue consuming a specific food
positive energy balance
eating more than excercising
negative energy balance
eating less than excercising
satiation
feeling full
Insulin
allows cells to access glucose in the blood.
When the pancreas secretes insulin, hunger increases.
diabetes
caused by a deficiency of insulin
leptin
Fat cells in the body secrete leptin and release it into the
blood.
When the leptin level in the blood is high, hunger decreases.
BMI
Provides a single number that represents your height in relation to your weight
orexin
Hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus. As glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungry
Ghrelin
Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain.
neuropeptide
Start eating hormone released by hypothalamus
cortiotropin
hormone in hypothalamus that sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain.
obesity
Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a BMI equal to or greater than 30.0
overweight
Condition characterized by BMI between 25.0 and 29.9
cafeteria diet effect
More food and more variety leads us to eat more
positive incentive value
Eat a certain food because you know it will be pleasurable
genetic suspectibility
some people are more likely to be predisposed to obesity
leptin resistance
condition where higher than-normal levels of leptin do not produce desired physiological response (Body ignores the high leptin levels)
weight cycling
repeated dieting, weight loss and weight gain tends to result in higher weight and reduced BMR.
