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BIOL 209 > Unit 4 Material > Flashcards

Unit 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen capture

A

-Determines if patient has antigen for a pathogen
- Antibody is used to coat wells
-A second antibody will bind the captured antigen.
-Enzyme activity produces colored product

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2
Q

Antibody capture

A

-Determines if the patient has antibodies. Doesn’t mean that they are currently sick, could just be memory B cells
-Presence of bound antibodies is detected using an anti-human antibody with conjugated enzyme

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3
Q

Rapid diagnostic test

A

-Antigen capture, portable version
-Control lets you know antibodies are actually there

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4
Q

CD8

A

-Cytotoxic T cells
-Looking for viral infected cells, induce apoptosis

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5
Q

CD4

A

Helper T cells, not cytotoxic

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6
Q

Helper 1 (TH1)

A

-When macrophages can’t break down all bacteria, TH1 can come and help macrophages and increase their reactive oxidative.
-Turn up the dial

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7
Q

Helper 2 (TH2)

A

-Help activate B cells
-B cells can start raising antibodies specific to antigens. Inducing B cell to turn into plasma cell

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8
Q

TH17

A

-Increase inflammatory response in tissues.
-Secrete interlouanes, special type of cytokines

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9
Q

TFH

A

-Induces class switching in B cells
-Give molecular switches to help switch immunoglobulin class (IgM to IgG).

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10
Q

MHC 1

A

-Bound by TCR and CD8
-Show antigen to the T cell from the inside (in cytosolic compartment)

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11
Q

TReg

A

-Autoimmune disorders
-Turns down CD8 response

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12
Q

MHC

A

-Two pieces of proteins come together to form a sandwich. In between is the antigen binding site
-Presents antigen to T cells

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13
Q

MHC 2

A

-Bound by TCR and CD4
-Dendritic cells and professional cells have MHC 1 and 2
-Present pathogens from the outside of the cells

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14
Q

T cells are activated…

A

-Requires T cell receptor (TCR) aggregation with peptide-MHC complexes

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15
Q

CD8 secrete…

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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16
Q

Immune tolerance

A

-Self reactive lymphocytes are normally deleted during development, or they are made non-responsive
-Negative selection

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17
Q

Clonal deletion

A

-Get B cell out of the pool because it is too reactive to self-antigen
-Highly reactive

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18
Q

Type A blood

A

-Anti-b antibodies

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19
Q

Type B blood

A

-Anti-a antibodies

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20
Q

AB blood

A

-No antibodies
-Universal receptors

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21
Q

O Blood

A

-Anti-a and anti-b
-Universal donor

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22
Q

RH Factor

A

-Another antigen produced on red blood cells
-Pregnancy
-Development of anti-Rh antibodies in mother can damage Rh+ fetus

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23
Q

Inflammation at site of infection…

A

-Immune response
-Local event
-Cytokines/immune mediators

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24
Q

Septic shock

A

-Bacteria reproducing in the bloodstream
-System-wide infection with bacteria can lead to systemic inflammatory response

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25
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

-Systemic release of allergic mediators
-Increases blood vessel permeability, decreases blood volume, and constricts airway

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26
Q

Mast cells

A

-Innate immune response
-Mucosal and connective tissue

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27
Q

Penicillin allergy

A

-Modifies proteins on red blood cells
-Creates weird antigens and are perceived as non-self

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28
Q

Type 1 pili

A

-Fixed on bacterial surface
-FimH protein and helps bind mannose on intestinal epithelial

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29
Q

PapG pili

A

-Type 1
-Bind diglacaose residues on urinary tract epithelium

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30
Q

Type IV pili

A

-Extend and retract
-Retraction pulls the bacteria close to the host cell membrane
-Not just sticking

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31
Q

Non-pili adhesions

A

-Surface protein fibers that mediate attachment to host cells
-Bind to proteins used for cell-to-cell attachment

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32
Q

Biofilms

A

-Non-specific adherence
-Extracellular polysaccharide
-Protection from immune response and prevent phagocytosis

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33
Q

Enterotoxin

A

-Toxin that acts on intestinal cells

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34
Q

Cholera toxin

A

-Enterotoxin
-Disrupts ion concentration in cells
-Chloride

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35
Q

Exotoxin

A

-Actively secrete toxins into environment or inject into cells

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36
Q

Endotoxins

A

-Formed by breaking down gram negative bacteria

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37
Q

ELISA

A
  • Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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38
Q

T cells are developed…

A

-In the thymus
-Marked by CD8 and CD4 surface molecules

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39
Q

T cells are activated…

A

In secondary lymphoid tissue

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40
Q

T cells recognize pathogens…

A

Indirectly

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41
Q

Mismatched blood types…

A

-Lead to complement-mediated hemolysis

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42
Q

Allergy

A

-Strong immune response directed at other harmless substances
-Not pathogens
-Pollen, foods, etc.

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43
Q

Allergens bind to…

A

-IgE antibodies on mast cells
-Leads to the release of granules containing allergic mediators

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44
Q

Initial allergen exposure induces…

A

-Adaptive immunity
-Induces B cells producing IgE

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45
Q

Allergic mediators

A

-Histamine
-Prostaglandins

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46
Q

Pentadecylcatechol

A

-Contact dermatitis
-Catechols from plant oils

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47
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

-Modify host proteins, are then recognized as antigens

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48
Q

Delayed type hypersensitivity

A

-T cell mediated inflammation requires several days

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49
Q

Pathogens must…

A

-Adhere
-Avoid
-Grow
-Exit

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50
Q

Pathogen adherence…

A

-Attach to host
-Uses specific receptors that determine initial site of infection

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51
Q

Pathogen avoidance…

A

-Avoid host defenses

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52
Q

Pathogen growth…

A

-Associated with host damage
-Replicate in host

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53
Q

Pathogen exit…

A

-Transmission to a new host

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54
Q

Virulence factors are acquired by…

A

-Horizontal gene transfer

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55
Q

Pathogenicity islands

A

-Contain cluster of genes that specify virulence factors
-Overall G-C pairing content is different

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56
Q

Pathogen structures that mediate attachment…

A

-Pili
-Glycoproteins/capsid proteins in viruses

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57
Q

Tissue tropism

A

-Bind and infect particular cell types

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58
Q

Host range

A

-Infect particular species

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59
Q

Enveloped viruses bind by…

A

-Using glycoproteins in envelope

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60
Q

Nonenveloped viruses bind by…

A

-Using capsid proteins

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61
Q

Pili

A

-Bacterial surface proteins capped with unique attachment subunit

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62
Q

Example of non-pili adhesin

A

-Pertactin (type of bacteria) binds host cell integrins

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63
Q

Type III system

A

-Inject virulence factors directly into host cells
-Directly in host cell membrane

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64
Q

Type II system

A

-Secretes virulence factors into extracellular environment
-Uses piston

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65
Q

A-B type structure

A

-Toxin structure
-A and B subunits

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66
Q

A subunit

A

-Acts on specific targets inside a cell

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67
Q

B subunit

A

-Binds to host cell surface and helps transport A subunit

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68
Q

Cholera toxin

A

-Enterotoxin
-Primary pathogen
-Diarrheal disease

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69
Q

Enterotoxins activate…

A

-Ion channels
-Export of chloride from enterocytes into the lumen of the intestine

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70
Q

Cholera toxin binds…

A

-GM1 and B subunit

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71
Q

Cholera toxin A subunit induces…

A

-Increase in cAMP levels, activate chloride channel

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72
Q

Alpha toxin

A

-Hemolysin
-Kill host cells by disrupting membranes
-Forms pores in host cell membranes and vesicle membranes

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73
Q

Hemolysins

A

-Lyse erythrocytes in blood agar plates
-Toxin is detected by clearing around colonies

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74
Q

Shiga toxin

A

-Inhibits protein synthesis
-A-B type toxin

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75
Q

Superantigens

A

-Secreted by pathogens to stimulate a large proportion of helper T cells
-Produce massive amounts of cytokines, creates a systemic response

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76
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

-Systemic inflammatory response

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77
Q

Immune envision mechanisms by extracellular pathogens

A

-Resistance to phagocytosis, complement proteins, and antibodies

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78
Q

Protein A

A

-Can bind to Fc regions of antibodies
-Inhibits immune response

79
Q

Immune envision mechanisms by intracellular pathogens

A

-Survive in phagolysosome by detoxifying the vesicle
-Prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagosome
-Escape from phagosome by lysing the vesicle

80
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

-Survive in phagolysosome by detoxifying the vesicle

81
Q

Legionella pneumophila…

A

-Prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagosome

82
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

-Escape from the phagolysosome
-Hemolysin
-Uses host cell actin to propel itself into neighboring cells

83
Q

Influenza uses….

A

-NS1 protein to block production of interferons

84
Q

Interferon blockage

A

-Viruses can block alarm function of interferons

85
Q

Interferons

A

-Stimulate MHC molecules and synthesis of nuclease that targets dsRNA

86
Q

Blocks MHC 1

A

-Herpes Simplex

87
Q

Antigenic variation

A

-Result of random mutation or specific gene rearrangement mechanism

88
Q

Selective pressures from immune system….

A

-Act on pathogen populations, seen in species with large number of antigenic variants

89
Q

Serotypes

A

-Pathogen variants
-Strain that expresses particular versions of surface antigens

90
Q

Antigenic drift

A

-Changes in antigen structure that accompany random mutation of the genome

91
Q

High spontaneous mutation rate is caused by…

A

-Error-prone polymerases
-HIV and influenza

92
Q

Influenza’s glycoproteins variation

A

-Hemagglutinin (HA)
-Neuraminidase (NA)

93
Q

Antigenic shift

A

-Reassortment of genome segments can cause co-infection of animal host

94
Q

Example of switching expressions between versions of a surface protein

A

-Salmonella flagella
-fljB promoter region

95
Q

Parasitic pathogens can be…

A

-Intracellular or extracellular

96
Q

Intracellular parasitic pathogens

A

-Apicomplexans (Toxoplasma, Babesia, and Plasmodia)

97
Q

Extracellular parasitic pathogen

A

-Trypanosoma brucei
-Many different VSG genes. Ability to change antigen structure, can be infected again

98
Q

Scalded skin

A

-Caused by exotoxin called exfoliatin
-Produced by S. aureus

99
Q

Exfoliatin produced by S. aureus is…

A

-A toxin causes a protease that disrupts matrix proteins that connect skin layers
-Superantigen that stimulates helper T cells

100
Q

The dermis layer has…

A

-Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands

101
Q

The epidermis is…

A

-The protective outer layer of the skin

102
Q

Rashes are caused by…

A

-Pathogen toxins
-Immune response

103
Q

Macular rash

A

-Flat, red, no bumps
-Measles

104
Q

Vesicular rash

A

-Raised, clear fluid filled/lymph, full of infectious virus
-Herpes

105
Q

Papular rash

A

-Raised, solid

106
Q

Pustular rash

A

-Raised, puss filled, dead neutrophils

107
Q

Measles

A

-Respiratory infection
-ssRNA virus
-Entry through cell membrane fusion

108
Q

Measles inhibits interferon response with…

A

-V proteins

109
Q

Measles is spread by…

A

-Direct tramission
-Breathing aerosols

110
Q

Reservoir of measles

A

-Humans

111
Q

Prodromal symptoms of measles

A

-Runny nose, fever, fatigue

112
Q

Illness phase of measles

A

-Koplik’s spots in oral mucosa
-Generalized macular rash

113
Q

Herpes

A

-dsDNA virus
-Highly infectious, most of population has it

114
Q

Herpes can remain in…

A

-A latent phase
-Reactivation at a later time re-establishes lytic infection

115
Q

Herpes virus replication

A

-Fusion with membrane
-Nuclear replication and assembly
-Virus buds from nuclear membrane and is released by exocytosis

116
Q

Evasion mechanism of herpes

A

-Suppression of MHC 1 protein expression

117
Q

Viral latency in herpes

A

-Virus enters peripheral neurons and viral genome is maintained as dormant extrachromosomal plasmid

118
Q

Chicken pox and shingles

A

-VZV infection
-Shingles is reactivation, painful epidermal infection along sensory neurons

119
Q

HSV 1

A

Oral cold sores around lips

120
Q

HSV 2

A

Genital sores

121
Q

Two things specific to herpes are…

A

-MHC 1 suppression
-Viral latency

122
Q

Primary Staphylococcal pathoge

A

-S. aureus
-Gram +, facultative anaerobe, resilient
-Encapsulated

123
Q

Test to diagnose viral rash

A

-ELISA, PCR, samples of boils

124
Q

Boils

A

-Furuncle
-Bacterial infection

125
Q

Evasive factors of S. aureus

A

-Coagulase
-Protein A
-Catalase

126
Q

Catalase and carotenoids…

A

-Inhibits ROS killing in phagosomes

127
Q

Coagulate enzymes

A

-Induces coating with host fibrin protein which provides protection

128
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

-Flesh eating disease
-Anaerobic bacterial growth in subcutaneous tissue

129
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis secretes…

A

-Exozymes to digest surrounding tissue
-Has systemic effects

130
Q

Bacterial species that causes Necrotizing fasciitis

A

-Streptococcal

131
Q

Pathogenic Streptococci

A

-Gram+
-Cocci
-Aerotolerant anaerobe
-S. pysognes and S. pneumoniae

132
Q

Strep adhesion

A

-Lipotechoic acid
-M protein

133
Q

M protein is very similar to…

A

-Host cell structures
-Specifically heart cells

134
Q

Virulence factors of Strep

A

-Capsule, inhibits phagocytosis
-Exozymes to spread infection
-SPEs, superantigens

135
Q

Strep treatments

A

-Penicillin and derivatives
-Pneumococcal vaccines

136
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

-Heart damage
-Strep M proteins are similar to host cells
-Antibodies against Strep can have autoimmune response

137
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

-Oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal passages

138
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

-Lungs and bronchioles
-Few microbes found here

139
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

-Moves particles and microbes out of lungs
-Clearance

140
Q

Pneumonia

A

-Lung infection
-S. pneumoniae
-Entry by aspiration

141
Q

Pharynagitis

A

-Sore throat
-Viral mostly
-Bacterial is caused by S. pyogenes

142
Q

M. tuberculosis

A

-Intracellular pathogen
-Bacillus
-Microaerophilic growth
-Acid fast staining

143
Q

The cell wall of M. tuberculosis has…

A

-Mycolic acid
-Provides resilience and virulence

144
Q

M. tuberculosis uses…

A

-Helper 1 T cells

145
Q

Drug treatment of tuberculosis

A

-Isoniazid and rifampin
-3-9 months

146
Q

Initial infection of tuberculosis

A

-Occurs in alveolar macrophages
-Bacteria survives within vesicles by inhibiting lysosome function

147
Q

T cells that help in Tuberculosis…

A

Helper T Cell 1 (TC1)

148
Q

Pathogen that uses a structure that is similar to a host cell structure

A

Strep, protein M

149
Q

PPD

A

-Purified protein derivative
-Local inflammatory response for TB

150
Q

Positive PPD result…

A

-Memory T cells recognize the antigen
-Does not mean you have an active infection

151
Q

Influenza is a…

A

-Enveloped, segmented RNA virus

152
Q

Influenza type that is most common…

A

Type A and B

153
Q

Influenza type that has most variables…

A

Type A

154
Q

H5N1 Influenza

A

-Type A
-Share similar types of hemagglutinin (H5) and neuraminidase (N1) surface proteins

155
Q

Hemagglutinin enveloped protein

A

-Adherence to epithelial cells

156
Q

Neuraminidase purpose…

A

-Helps release new virus particles

157
Q

Tamiflu

A

-Inhibits neuraminidase to block release

158
Q

Fungal pathogens typically…

A

-Have low virulence
-Except with acute exposure or when the host is immunocompromised

159
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

-Grow either as hyphae or as yeast
-Hyphal form in soil but grows as yeast in animals
-

160
Q

Acute exposure

A

-Exposed to very high amount of spores

161
Q

Blastomyces dermatitis

A

-Infection due to inhaling fungal spores
-Soil reservoir

162
Q

Dimorphic fungi avoid host immune response by…

A

-Resisting being killed in phagolysosomes by inhibiting host synthesis of nitrogen oxides

163
Q

Antifungal drugs target…

A

-Fungal membranes

164
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

Reduced nutrient absorption results in low water uptake

165
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

-Ion secretion by enterocytes result in water leaving the cells
-Body is actively secreting water into intestine of lumen

166
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea

A

Immune response to infection damages epithelium, reducing absorption and may result in blood loss

167
Q

Motility diarrhea

A

Pathogen induced increases in peristalsis

168
Q

Cholera causes ______ diarrhea

A

Secretory diarrhea

169
Q

E. coli O157:H7 one and Shigella toxin cause ______ diarrhea

A

-Inflammatory diarrhea

170
Q

Rotavirus

A

-Non-enveloped dsRNA virus
-Fecal oral transmission

171
Q

Type of diarrhea Rotavirus causes…

A

-Osmotic diarrhea, destruction of intestinal epithelial cells and loss of nutrient absorption

172
Q

IgA

A

-In the lumen of the intestine and salivary glands
-Block pathogen binding or the actions of toxins

173
Q

E. coli

A

-Gram -, bacillus
-Fecal oral route
-O, H, and K antigen variants

174
Q

Most E. coli is…

A

-Nonpathogenic

175
Q

E. coli virulence factors include…

A

-Specific fimbriae/pili and other adhesions
-Capsule
-Enterotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins

176
Q

ETEC

A

-Secrete labile toxin and enterotoxin
-That alters epithelial cell transporter
-Strictly toxigenic

177
Q

EIEC

A

-Escapes from the endosome and grows in cytosol
-Host cell actin to propel itself into neighboring cells
-Bloody diarrhea

178
Q

EHEC

A

-Shiga toxin and cytotoxin (which blocks protein synthesis)
-Toxin targets blood vessel endothelial cells

179
Q

Host defenses of E. coli

A

-Clearance mechanisms on epithelial surfaces
-Antibodies to neutralize toxins and block adherence
-Phagocytic functions to kill invasive strains

180
Q

Pathogen evasion of E. coli

A

-Specific adherence mechanisms
-Variable surface antigens: O, H, and K serotypes
-Capsule
-Intracellular growth EIEC

181
Q

UPEC

A

-Type P Pili
-Urinary tract infection

182
Q

Salmonella

A

-Gram -
-Facultative anaerobe
-Intracellular

183
Q

Salmonella evade host cell defenses by…

A

-Preventing lysosomal fusion
-Having Vi capsules to survive in macrophages
-Phase variation mechanism to change flagella structure

184
Q

Giardia

A

-Protozoan parasite
-Osmotic diarrhea

185
Q

Malaria

A

-Mosquito vector
-Apicomplexan
-Lyses red blood cells

186
Q

Malaria disease is the result of…

A

-Systemic inflammatory response to parasite surface antigen, PfEMP1
-Has multiple versions of surface antigens

187
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

-Retrovirus
-Enveloped
-Reverse transcriptase
-Leads to immunodeficiency
-High mutation rate

188
Q

Cause of immunodeficiency with HIV infection is…

A

-Viral load increases
-CD4 T cell numbers fall

189
Q

HIV evasion mechanisms

A

-High mutation rate, antigenic drift
-Viral latency

190
Q

HAART

A

-Multiple drugs with specific targets are given simultaneously

191
Q

AZT

A

-Enzyme inhibitors block function of reverse transcriptase
-HIV medication

192
Q

HIV Protease

A

-Suppress production of new viral particles

193
Q

Tamiflu

A

-Inhibits neuraminidase to block release of new viral particles

BIOL 209 (2 decks)

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