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BIOL 214 > Unit 4 lectures > Flashcards

Unit 4 lectures Flashcards

1
Q

sources of phenotypic variation

A

environmental and genetic

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2
Q

quantitative phenotypic variation

A

continuous traits that can be measured, ex. tail length

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3
Q

qualitative phenotypic variation

A

discrete character states or categories, ex. tail color

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4
Q

genetic variation

A

diffs in alleles within a popl

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5
Q

sources of genetic variation

A

rearrangement of existing alleles, mutations producing new alleles

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6
Q

microevolution

A

changes in allele frequency within popl over time

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7
Q

population genetics

A

study of properties of genes in popl

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8
Q

how do we measure genetic variation

A

single-nucleotide polymorphisms

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9
Q

what does the hardy-weinberg principle predict

A

genotype frequencies

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10
Q

criteria of HW-equilibrium

A
  1. no mutation
  2. no gene flow or genetic drift
  3. random mating
  4. large popl size
  5. no natural selection
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11
Q

what is the concl if all 5 assumptions for HW eq. are true

A

allele and genotype frequencies don’t exchange from one gen to next

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12
Q

agents of evolutionary change

A

mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating (assortative and disassortative)

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13
Q

assortative mating

A

phenotypically similar individuals mate, increases prop of homozygous individ

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14
Q

disassortative mating

A

phenotypically diff individ mate, produces excess of heterozygotes

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15
Q

founder effect

A

one/few individ disperse and become founders of new, isolated popl

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16
Q

bottleneck effect

A

drastic reduction in popl size due to natural disasters, loss of genetic variability

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17
Q

what is the diff between natural selection and evolution

A

natural selection is a process; evolution is historical record of change thru time

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18
Q

selection to match climatic conditions

A

enzymes can function differently at diff temps

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19
Q

what is the most fit phenotype

A

the one that produces greatest number of offspring

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20
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competitive interactions between members of one sex

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21
Q

intersexual selection

A

mate choice

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22
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

antlers and horns used to combat other males; long tail feathers and bright plumage to persuade members of opp sex

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23
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

diffs between sexes (males larger than females)

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24
Q

sperm competition

A

selects for features that increase probability that male’s sperm will fertilize eggs

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25
Q

handicap hypothesis

A

only genetically superior mates survive w handicap (long tail w hinderance in flying)

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26
Q

sensory exploitation

A

evolution i males of signal that exploits preexisting biases

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27
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

fitness of phenotype depends on frequency within popl

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28
Q

negative frequency-dependent selection

A

rare phenotypes favored by selection

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29
Q

positive frequency-dependent selection

A

favors common phenotype, eliminates variation

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30
Q

oscillating selection

A

selection favors one phenotype at one time and another phenotype at another time, maintain genetic variation in popl

31
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

heterozygotes favored over homozygotes, maintain both alleles in popl

32
Q

how does heterozygote advantage affect sickle cell anemia

A

homozygotes for sickle cell allele usually die before reproducing; heterozygotes don’t suffer anemia and are much less susceptible to malaria

33
Q

disruptive selection

A

eliminate intermediate types

34
Q

directional selection

A

eliminate one extreme, occurs when enviro changes

35
Q

stabilizing selection

A

acts to eliminate both extremes, makes intermediate more common
ex. infant human w intermediate weight at birth have highest survival rate

36
Q

gene flow can be ___ or ____

A

constructive; constraining

37
Q

population

A

groups of individ in one place and time

38
Q

major characteristics of popl

A

geographic range, habitat, density, size, age structure, sex ratio, generation time

39
Q

most species have ____ geographic range

A

limited

40
Q

random spacing

A

individ don’t interact strongly w one another, not common

41
Q

uniform spacing

A

individ more widely separated from each other, resource comp, behavioral interactions

42
Q

clumped spacing

A

uneven distribution of resources, common in nature

43
Q

metapopulations

A

occur in areas which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and separated by stretches of unsuitable habitat

44
Q

source-sink metapopls

A

popl in better areas boost popl in poorer areas

45
Q

number of births directly related to ______

A

number of females

46
Q

generation times

A

avg interval between birth of individ and birth of offspring

47
Q

2 factors affect life history

A

how long an individ lives, how many young it produces each year

48
Q

age at first reproduction correlates with ___

A

life span

49
Q

long-lived species ___ reproduction

A

delay

50
Q

short-lived species reproduce ____

A

early

51
Q

biotic potential

A

no limits on popl growth

52
Q

carrying capacity, K

A

max number of individ enviro can support

53
Q

if popl size equals carrying capacity, ___

A

growth rate = 0

54
Q

Allee effect

A

positive feedback, growth rates increase w popl size

55
Q

when resources are limited, cost of reproduction is ____

A

high

56
Q

K-selected popls

A

adapted to thrive when popl is near carrying capacity

57
Q

r-selected popl

A

selection favors individ w highest reproductive rates

58
Q

for human popl: birth rate ____; death rate _____

A

unchanged; fallen dramatically

59
Q

why are r-selected species adapted to function well in changing enviros

A

short generation times, produce numerous offspring in single reproductive event

60
Q

K-selected species thrive in more stable enviros bc

A

long generation times, produce offspring repeatedly during lifetimes

61
Q

Type I or II survivorship

A

offspring receive substantial parental care

62
Q

Type III survivorship

A

offspring receive little to no parental care

63
Q

what is a community characterized by

A

species richness, primary productivity

64
Q

ecotones

A

places where enviro changes abruptly

65
Q

niche

A

total of all ways an org uses resources of its enviro
ex. space, food, temp range, mating conditions

66
Q

interspecific competition

A

when 2 species attempt to use same resource when not enough resource to satisfy both

67
Q

interference competition

A

physical interactions over access to resources

68
Q

exploitative competition

A

consuming same resources

69
Q

competitive exclusion

A

2 species competing for limited resource, species that uses the resource more efficiently will eliminate the other species

70
Q

how do plants adapt to predation

A

evolve mechanisms to defend themselves
ex. chemical defenses: secondary compounds

71
Q

batesian mimicry

A

mimics look like distasteful species

72
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

resemble poisonous species

73
Q

predation _____ competition

A

reduces

74
Q

keystone species

A

species that manipulate enviro to create new habitats for other species
ex. beavers and dams

BIOL 214 (4 decks)

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