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BIOL 214 > Exam 1 lectures > Flashcards

Exam 1 lectures Flashcards

1
Q

describe descent with modification

A

individuals compete for limited resources, variation within species, variation due to fitness or heritable

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2
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

diff beak shapes related to food gathering and natural selection

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3
Q

Peter and Rosemary Grant

A

studied beak depth variation; droughts: deep/powerful beaks - large seeds
normal rains: small seeds, avg beak depth

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4
Q

artificial selection

A

change initiated by humans, favors phenotypic traits, should result in evolutionary change (directional selection)

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5
Q

examples of agricultural selection

A

greater milk production, larger corn ear size

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6
Q

what are fossils

A

preserved remains of once-living orgs

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7
Q

how are rock fossils created

A
  1. org buried in sediment
  2. calcium in bone mineralizes
  3. surrounding sediment hardens
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8
Q

what are examples of structures fossils preserve

A

bones, teeth, shells, wood, leaves, pollen

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9
Q

what is a major advantage of fossils

A

tell which org with which phenotypes existed at given location at specific point of time

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10
Q

caveats to fossil data

A

single point in time, doesn’t say when species appeared or went extinct, data can be incomplete, spatial and preservation bias

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11
Q

what indirect data can we get from fossils

A

behavior, physiology, ecology, climate

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12
Q

half-life of potassium

A

1.25 bil years

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13
Q

how are intermediate fossils helpful

A

fill in large gaps from major transitions

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14
Q

oldest known bird fossil

A

Archaeopteryx; intermediate between bird and dinosaur

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15
Q

homologous structures

A

diff appearances and functions but derived from same body part in common ancestor

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16
Q

vestigial structures

A

no apparent function, but resemble structures ancestors possessed

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17
Q

biogeography

A

study of geographic distribution of species, reveals that diff areas have groups of orgs that have similar appearances

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18
Q

convergent evolution

A

similar forms having evolved in isolated areas due to similar selective pressures in similar enviros

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19
Q

morphological species concept

A

all individuals of species share traits that distinguish them from other species

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20
Q

biological species concept

A

species composed of popl whose members mate w each other and produce fertile offspring

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21
Q

reproductive isolation

A

do not mate with each other or don’t produce fertile offspring

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22
Q

prezygotic reproductive isolating mechs

A

ecological, behavioral, temporal, mechanical isolation and prevention of gamete fusion

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23
Q

postzygotic isolating mech

A

hybrid infertility

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24
Q

ecological isolation

A

species occur in same area but diff habitats and rarely encounter each other

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25
Q

behavioral isolation

A

species differ in mating rituals

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26
Q

temporal isolation

A

species reproduce in diff seasons/times of day

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27
Q

mechanical isolation

A

structural diff that prevent mating

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28
Q

weaknesses of biological species concept

A

difficult to apply concept to popl geographically separated in nature, asexual orgs, some species may hybridize in captivity but not in wild

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29
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

construct evolutionary tree

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30
Q

allopatric speciation

A

physical barrier subdivides larger popl or small popl becomes separated from species’ main geo distribution

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31
Q

2 stages of allopatric speciation

A
  1. 2 popl become geographically separated –> prevents gene flow
  2. genetic diffs isolate them reproductively
32
Q

sympatric speciation

A

1 species splits into 2 at single locality without being geographically separated

33
Q

autoploidy

A

all chromosomes come from single species

34
Q

allopolyploidy

A

2 species hybridize

35
Q

adaptive radiation

A

closely related species that have evolved from common ancestor by adapting to diff parts of enviro

36
Q

when does adaptive radiation occur

A

in enviro w few other species and many resources; after catastrophic event leading to extinction of other species

37
Q

key innovation

A

new trait evolves within a species allowing it to use resources previously inaccessible, requires speciation and adaptation to diff habitats

38
Q

character displacement

A

2 reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species come into contact; natural selection in each species will favor individuals that use resources not taken up by other species

39
Q

gradualism

A

accumulation of small changes of long time

40
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

long periods of stasis then rapid change

41
Q

how many mass extinctions have occured

A

5

42
Q

what is the 6th extinction going to be caused by

A

human activity

43
Q

K-T extinction

A

meteor impact 66 MYA; extinction of non-avian dinosaurs

44
Q

reading scientific names

A

genus name first then species

45
Q

hierarchical classification

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

46
Q

plesiomorphy

A

ancestral characteristic - inherited from most recent common ancestor of entire group

47
Q

apomorphy

A

derived characteristic - only shared by subset of species

48
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived characters

49
Q

homologous characters

A

any trait inherited from common ancestor by 2+ species

50
Q

homoplasies

A

phenotypic similarities that evolved independently in diff lineages

51
Q

monophyletic group

A

includes most recent common ancestor of group + all descendants

52
Q

paraphyletic group

A

includes most recent common ancestor but not all descendants

53
Q

polyphyletic group

A

doesn’t include most recent common ancestor

54
Q

homoplastic convergence

A

similar traits evolved independently in diff clades

55
Q

when did meteor hit earth

A

4.6 BYA

56
Q

changes in earth in geological time

A

early atmosphere high CO2 levels, water vaporized; decreases in CO2 lowered Earth’s temp

57
Q

rodinia

A

all continents

58
Q

gondwana

A

all current southern hemisphere continents

59
Q

pangea (240 MYA)

A

formed from gondwana (170 MYA)

60
Q

when did life emerge

A

Archean eon abt 2 BYA, characterized by formation of rodinia

61
Q

which period showed diversification of multicellular orgs

A

Cambrian

62
Q

what did Miller-Urey experiment conclude

A

key molecules of earth could’ve formed on early Earth

63
Q

conditions on early Earth

A

orgs lived at very high temps

64
Q

stromatolites

A

indirect evidence for ancient life

65
Q

snowball earth

A

extreme drops in temp resulting in glacial ice covering earth

66
Q

how did mitochondria and chloroplasts enter eukaryotic cells

A

endosymbiosis

67
Q

what does multicellularity lead to

A

cell specialization

68
Q

how does sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity

A

meiosis, crossing over

69
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

extremely rapid expansion of life abt 542-488 MYA

70
Q

when did first multicellular animals appear

A

50 MY after Cambrian explosion

71
Q

what was the result of the mass extinction at the end of the Permian (300 MYA)

A

80% marine species and 70% terrestrial vertebrates extinct

72
Q

Mesozoic

A

consists of Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous; age of dinosaurs, first mammals in Triassic, first birds in Jurassic, ended with K-T extinction

73
Q

Cenozoic

A

consists of quaternary, neogene, paleogene; rise of mammals, grasslands, origin of humans

74
Q

continental drift timeline

A

240 MYA - pangea
170 MYA - laurasia and gondwana
120 MYA - gondwana breaks into australia vs india and madagascar
90 MYA - separation Africa and S. American and Madagascar and India
65 MYA - KT extinction

75
Q

dispersal

A

movement of orgs away from place of origin

76
Q

vicariance

A

fragmentation of once-continuous geographical distribution by external factors

77
Q

what 3 evolutionary novelties do birds have

A

feathers, hollow bones, physiological mechs for flight

BIOL 214 (4 decks)

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