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Exam 1 lectures Flashcards

1
Q

describe descent with modification

A

individuals compete for limited resources, variation within species, variation due to fitness or heritable

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2
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

diff beak shapes related to food gathering and natural selection

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3
Q

Peter and Rosemary Grant

A

studied beak depth variation; droughts: deep/powerful beaks - large seeds
normal rains: small seeds, avg beak depth

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4
Q

artificial selection

A

change initiated by humans, favors phenotypic traits, should result in evolutionary change (directional selection)

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5
Q

examples of agricultural selection

A

greater milk production, larger corn ear size

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6
Q

what are fossils

A

preserved remains of once-living orgs

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7
Q

how are rock fossils created

A
  1. org buried in sediment
  2. calcium in bone mineralizes
  3. surrounding sediment hardens
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8
Q

what are examples of structures fossils preserve

A

bones, teeth, shells, wood, leaves, pollen

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9
Q

what is a major advantage of fossils

A

tell which org with which phenotypes existed at given location at specific point of time

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10
Q

caveats to fossil data

A

single point in time, doesn’t say when species appeared or went extinct, data can be incomplete, spatial and preservation bias

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11
Q

what indirect data can we get from fossils

A

behavior, physiology, ecology, climate

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12
Q

half-life of potassium

A

1.25 bil years

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13
Q

how are intermediate fossils helpful

A

fill in large gaps from major transitions

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14
Q

oldest known bird fossil

A

Archaeopteryx; intermediate between bird and dinosaur

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15
Q

homologous structures

A

diff appearances and functions but derived from same body part in common ancestor

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16
Q

vestigial structures

A

no apparent function, but resemble structures ancestors possessed

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17
Q

biogeography

A

study of geographic distribution of species, reveals that diff areas have groups of orgs that have similar appearances

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18
Q

convergent evolution

A

similar forms having evolved in isolated areas due to similar selective pressures in similar enviros

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19
Q

morphological species concept

A

all individuals of species share traits that distinguish them from other species

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20
Q

biological species concept

A

species composed of popl whose members mate w each other and produce fertile offspring

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21
Q

reproductive isolation

A

do not mate with each other or don’t produce fertile offspring

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22
Q

prezygotic reproductive isolating mechs

A

ecological, behavioral, temporal, mechanical isolation and prevention of gamete fusion

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23
Q

postzygotic isolating mech

A

hybrid infertility

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24
Q

ecological isolation

A

species occur in same area but diff habitats and rarely encounter each other

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25
behavioral isolation
species differ in mating rituals
26
temporal isolation
species reproduce in diff seasons/times of day
27
mechanical isolation
structural diff that prevent mating
28
weaknesses of biological species concept
difficult to apply concept to popl geographically separated in nature, asexual orgs, some species may hybridize in captivity but not in wild
29
phylogenetic species concept
construct evolutionary tree
30
allopatric speciation
physical barrier subdivides larger popl or small popl becomes separated from species' main geo distribution
31
2 stages of allopatric speciation
1. 2 popl become geographically separated --> prevents gene flow 2. genetic diffs isolate them reproductively
32
sympatric speciation
1 species splits into 2 at single locality without being geographically separated
33
autoploidy
all chromosomes come from single species
34
allopolyploidy
2 species hybridize
35
adaptive radiation
closely related species that have evolved from common ancestor by adapting to diff parts of enviro
36
when does adaptive radiation occur
in enviro w few other species and many resources; after catastrophic event leading to extinction of other species
37
key innovation
new trait evolves within a species allowing it to use resources previously inaccessible, requires speciation and adaptation to diff habitats
38
character displacement
2 reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species come into contact; natural selection in each species will favor individuals that use resources not taken up by other species
39
gradualism
accumulation of small changes of long time
40
punctuated equilibrium
long periods of stasis then rapid change
41
how many mass extinctions have occured
5
42
what is the 6th extinction going to be caused by
human activity
43
K-T extinction
meteor impact 66 MYA; extinction of non-avian dinosaurs
44
reading scientific names
genus name first then species
45
hierarchical classification
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
46
plesiomorphy
ancestral characteristic - inherited from most recent common ancestor of entire group
47
apomorphy
derived characteristic - only shared by subset of species
48
synapomorphies
shared derived characters
49
homologous characters
any trait inherited from common ancestor by 2+ species
50
homoplasies
phenotypic similarities that evolved independently in diff lineages
51
monophyletic group
includes most recent common ancestor of group + all descendants
52
paraphyletic group
includes most recent common ancestor but not all descendants
53
polyphyletic group
doesn't include most recent common ancestor
54
homoplastic convergence
similar traits evolved independently in diff clades
55
when did meteor hit earth
4.6 BYA
56
changes in earth in geological time
early atmosphere high CO2 levels, water vaporized; decreases in CO2 lowered Earth's temp
57
rodinia
all continents
58
gondwana
all current southern hemisphere continents
59
pangea (240 MYA)
formed from gondwana (170 MYA)
60
when did life emerge
Archean eon abt 2 BYA, characterized by formation of rodinia
61
which period showed diversification of multicellular orgs
Cambrian
62
what did Miller-Urey experiment conclude
key molecules of earth could've formed on early Earth
63
conditions on early Earth
orgs lived at very high temps
64
stromatolites
indirect evidence for ancient life
65
snowball earth
extreme drops in temp resulting in glacial ice covering earth
66
how did mitochondria and chloroplasts enter eukaryotic cells
endosymbiosis
67
what does multicellularity lead to
cell specialization
68
how does sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity
meiosis, crossing over
69
Cambrian explosion
extremely rapid expansion of life abt 542-488 MYA
70
when did first multicellular animals appear
50 MY after Cambrian explosion
71
what was the result of the mass extinction at the end of the Permian (300 MYA)
80% marine species and 70% terrestrial vertebrates extinct
72
Mesozoic
consists of Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous; age of dinosaurs, first mammals in Triassic, first birds in Jurassic, ended with K-T extinction
73
Cenozoic
consists of quaternary, neogene, paleogene; rise of mammals, grasslands, origin of humans
74
continental drift timeline
240 MYA - pangea 170 MYA - laurasia and gondwana 120 MYA - gondwana breaks into australia vs india and madagascar 90 MYA - separation Africa and S. American and Madagascar and India 65 MYA - KT extinction
75
dispersal
movement of orgs away from place of origin
76
vicariance
fragmentation of once-continuous geographical distribution by external factors
77
what 3 evolutionary novelties do birds have
feathers, hollow bones, physiological mechs for flight

BIOL 214 (2 decks)

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