Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immuno > Unit 4 Lec 3 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lec 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What factors suggest immunodeficiency?

A

Increased susceptibility to infection

  • Autoimmune or Inflammatory Disease
  • Increased susceptibility to Malignancy
  • Syndrome complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the equation for risk of infection?

A

Dose x Virulence/Resistance

Epidemiology x Microbiology/ Anatomy x immunology
- Focus on denominators because of the impact these factors have on host immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can be one of the most important factors in suggesting immunodeficiency?

A

Family history is crucial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common presenting manifestation of immunodeficient state?

A

Infection

  • Recurrent
  • Multiple sites over time
  • Less virulent organisms

Unusual Severity
Difficult to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some normally sterile sites of the body?

A 
Lower respiratory tract
GU tract
Blood
CSF
Joint Fluid
Pleural and Peritoneal cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of bacteria are found in skin and hair follicles?

A

Staphylococci and streptoococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What types of bacteria are found in the Oral Cavity?

A

Anaerobes, micro-aerophilics, streptococci, Grp A strep, Pneumococci, H. Influenzae, N. Meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of bacteria are found in the GI tract?

A

Gram Neg. Rods
Anaerobes
MIcro-aerophilic Streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of bacteria are found in the vaginal vestibule?

A

Lactobacilli

Gram neg. rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the normal flora of immuno compromised patients?

A

Develop infections at sites that are normally colonized by these flora

example is erosive gingivitis in pts with PMN disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are primary or inherited immunodeficient states?

A

Not Rare
Can present at any age (childhood most common)
more than 50 percent due to antibody deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is secondary/acquired immunodeficiency?

A 
Due to another process
Underlying disease (AIDS)
Medications and chemotherapy can cause immunodeficient state also
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What provides the clinical picture of immunodeficiency?

A

Determined by functional impairment not taxonomic category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effector classification of immunodeficient state?

A

Antibody=B cell disorders > 50%

Cell mediated disorders = T cell

Phagocytic = PMNs and Macrophages (reticulo-endothelial system)

Complement

Combined B+T cell disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between Innate immune deficits and adaptive immune deficits?

A

Innate immune system is usually due to the a affected gene so easily intuited (i.e. functional impact0

Adaptive immune system requires three signals so the underlying functional response is not always easily apparent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is prematurity an example of?

A

example of developmental deficiency, can be severe

The more immature the greater the immunodeficiency

16
Q

What happens in newborns until age 2?

A

Since the maternal antibodies wear off by 6 months the baby becomes immunocompromised and is at risk for infections (meningisits i.e. encapsulated bacteria) until the baby regains immune function

This is why vaccines are so important (conjugate vaccines) showed a decrease in neonate meningitis by 100-1000 fold

17
Q

What are the three aspects of the triangle for immunodeficiency?

A

Host Defense
Organism
and Site of Infection

If know one than can predict the other two reasonably well
If know two can predict other one with high confidence

18
Q

What is the importance of anatomy in determining immune mechanism?

A

Recurrent infection at same anatomical location implicates immunodeficiency

  • example would be an iV catheter that gets recurrent infections
  • Main organism would be indigenous flora at site of infection
19
Q

What would antibody humoral immunity pattern recognition of immunodeficiency look like?

A

If antibody, Th2/B Cell axis

  • see ENCAPSULATED BAC (S pneumonaie, N. Meningitis, Hib
  • Also see Enterovirus, Giardia
  • Site of infection: Sinopulmonary tree, meninges, Blood, GI
20
Q

What would you see in humoral immunity deficiency of complement?

A

Organisms: Encapsulated Bacteria (MENINGOCOCCI and PNEUMOCOCCI)

Site of infection: SINOPULMONARY TREE, Meninges, Blood

21
Q

Why does humoral immunity play an important role against encapsulated bacteria?

A

Complement is important to break and opsonisize the bacterium to allow phagocytic cells to engulf them

22
Q

What is the most important part of complement system?

A

C3 is the most important component for both Phagocytic killing and serum bactericidal activity

23
Q

What would be some pattern recognizers for Cell mediated immunity (Th1/T cell axis)?

A

Organisms: Intracellular bacteria (salmonella, legionella, listeria, Tb)

  • Fungi (cryptococcus)
  • DNA Viruses (HSV, CMV)
  • Protozoa (PCP, Giardia, Toxoplasmosis)
  • Parasites (strongyloides)

Site of Infection: Lungs, Meninges, GI, Skin

24
Q

What would a PMN pattern recognition be?

A

If the numbers are low < 500 PMN/mm is bad

  • Organism: GNR, Pseudomonas, staphylococci, Fungi (candida, aspergillus)
  • Site is Blood Lungs Skin

If the numbers are high (PMN count nl or increased)

  • Organism: Staph Aureus, GNR, Fungi Aspergillus
  • Site: SKin, Lungs, Blood
25
Q

What are two factors that are important in the risk of infection for patients suffering from leukemia?

A

The absolute number of PMN and the duration of neutropenia important determinants of RISK OF INFECTION and SEVERITY OF INFECTION

26
Q

What is the pattern recognition for Reticulo Endothelial System?

A

Depends on site

  • Spleen- Encapsulated bacteria (S. pneumoniae)
    • Site- Blood
  • Liver- Gram Neg Rods
    • Site - Blood
27
Q

What does cyclosporin do?

A

Binds cyclophilin inhibiting calcineurin and activation of NFAT mediated transcription in T cells therby inhibiting IL2 mediated expansion of T cell populaiton

28
Q

What are some classic examples of CEll mediated immune defects?

A

Adult AIDS
Patients that need immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporin) or immune mediators (TNF (infliximab or etanercept)

  • DiGeorge Syndrome
  • Certain T cell lymphomas and Leukemias
  • IFN gamma receptor deficiency
  • IL 12 receptor deficiency
29
Q

What are some classic examples of anatomic problems causing recurrent infections?

A

RIght Middle Lobe Syndrome
Recurrent Cellulitis
Kidney Stones
Retained Foreign Bodies

30
Q

What are some classical examples of complement deficiency?

A

Individual component deficiencies

Control protein problems

31
Q

What are some individual component deficiencies?

A

Classical pathway: infection with encapsulated bacteria (systemic lupus erythematous)

Alternative Pathway: Meningococcal Disease

Terminal Pathway: Recurrent Meningococcal Disease

32
Q

What are some control protein problems with the complement system?

A

Lead to unrestrained consumption of complement

  • C1 esterase inhibitor: Hereditary angio-edema (HAE)
  • Factors H and I (lead to C3 consumption): lead to infection with encapsulated bacteria (menigococci) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (without diarrhea)
  • CD 59: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
33
Q

What are some problems with the RES dysfunction?

A

Spleen: Asplenia or surgically removed
- Dysfunction is seen in sickle cell as blood gets trapped in spleen

Liver: Cirrhosis is inability to filter organisms that enter the portal circulation

34
Q

What are some examples of antibody deficiency?

A

Brutons X linked agammaglobulinemia
X linked Hyper IgM syndrome
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Selective IgA deficiency

Immuno (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions