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Immuno > Unit 4 Lec 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lec 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the usual flora that invade the host?

A

Non-encapsulated bacteria that activate the alternative complement cascade

  • Eliminated by PMNs/macrophages
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1
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A

Eliminates normal flora or other non pathogens that gain access into the host

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2
Q

What happens if non encapsulated organisms make it into a immuno compromised host?

A

Example Staph Epidermidis Cause bloodstream infections

- Cause serious human illness

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3
Q

What are antigen specific humoral immunity?

A

B Lymphocytes and Antibodies

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4
Q

What are antigen non specific humoral immune system?

A

Acute: PMNs and Complement

Chronic: Macrophages and complement

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5
Q

What are antigen specific cellular immune fighters?

A

T Lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are antigen non specific cellular immune system fighters?

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

What are major categories of microbes?

A

Bacteria (toxigenic extracellular, non toxigenic extracellular, intracellular)
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites (protozoa and helminths)

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8
Q

How do antibodies act on microbial immunity?

A

Neutralize exotoxins

Neurtralize some viruses and some obligate intracellular bacteria during extracellular phases

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9
Q

What is an example of an intracellular bacteria that is neutralized by antibodies?

A

Rickettsia

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10
Q

How does antibody oponization work in microbial immunity

A

Works on extracellular bacteria (helps PMNs and Macrophages)

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11
Q

What is the CD4 T cell job in microbial immunity?

A

Activate macrophages

  • Mostly against facultative and many obligate intracellular bacteria
  • Against fungi
  • Against protozoa and other Parasite
  • Some viruses
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12
Q

What is wrong with IgE fighting alone?

A

Against protozoa doesnt eliminate pathogens but allows other parts of immune system to come in

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13
Q

How does CD8 T cells act in microbial immunity?

A

Eliminate most viruses (intracelllar)
Transplants (look like viral infected cells)
Listeria monocytogenes and a few other bacteria (intracellular)

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14
Q

How are potent exotoxins neutralized?

A

Normally vaccination is needed to protect against potent ones

  • Due to being too strong for body to stimulate immune response
  • Examples: Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, cholera
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15
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Use toxoids that are biologically inactive but retain immunogenicity

16
Q

How do superantigens and some other toxins target the immune system?

A 
Target the immune system to prevent antibody response 
TSS from (Staph aureus and Strept pyogenes are susceptible to illness even upon recovery
17
Q

What are some superantigens?

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) A-X serotypes
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs)
A-C, G-L, Streptococcal superantigen and streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z

18
Q

How are T cells activated by Antigen and Superantigen

A

Normal antigen will activate 1/10,000 T cells (controlled)

Super antigen actiaves up to 50% of T cells (massive cytokines released)

19
Q

What are Intravenous immunoglobulins used for (IVIG)?

A 
Antibodies taken that are against common exotoxins used for:
Kawasaki Syndrome
Streptococcal toxic shock
Staphylococcal toxic shock
Post exposure prevention of hep A
20
Q

What else is IVIG used for?

A

Passive protection against super antigens

30k for one treatment so selective use

21
Q

What are some extracellular bacterial (Ab based immunity)?

A 
Gram +/- cocci
Bacillus
Clostridium
Enterobacteriaecea (except salmonella)
Haemophius (otitis media)
Helicobacter
BORDETELLA
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia (walking pneumonia)
Borrelia
Leptospira
Rickettsias
22
Q

What are some intracellular bacteria (T cell based)?

A 
MYCOBACTERIUM
SALMONELLA
Yersinia
Francisella
Brucella
Rickettsias
Legionella Listeria
23
Q

What are the different types of Fungi?

A 
Dermatophytes (skin)
Subcutaneous
Systemic
Opportunistic
Saprophyes
24
Q

What is significant about acute infections (sign)?

A

Significant inflammation, antibody responses with complement and PMNs dominate

  • Extracellular pathogens are killed by opsonization these are called ITIS infections (pharyngitis, otitis media, and meningitis)
25
Q

What is significant about chronic infections?

A

Usually occur when antibodies fail
T cell immune system remains
Called OSIS (tuberculosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis)
- Usually have granulomas associated with them

26
Q

Why is it important to have the correct immune response to a microbe?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease is an example of where humoral immunity fails and CD4 T ell cause granulomas withoutu controlling the infection

27
Q

What is the difference in antibody response in primary immune response versus memory response?

A

IgM first to respond in primary response

IgG comes first in memory response and in great spike

28
Q

What happens in antibody response that is T independent?

A

Usually responds to a polysaccharide polymer that allows Ig Ag capping and differentiation into plasma cell to secrete IgM but does not isotype switch so NO MEMORY

29
Q

What happens to antibody response in T dependent response?

A

The B cell is allowed to isotype switch to IgG and can go to memory as well as plasma

30
Q

What is an effector function of the T dependent antibody response?

A

Allows complement and antibodies to fix to invading pathogens to allow PMNs Macrophages to eat them

31
Q

How is CD4 T cell mediated immunity carried out?

A

APC stimulates CD4 T cell (Th1) secretes cytokins (IFY and IL-2) which allow macrophages to become activated to kill bacteria that live intracellularly

32
Q

How is listeria taken care of?

A

Some effect by CD4 T cell mediated but mainly controlled by CD8 T cells

33
Q

What is CD8 T cell mediated immunity?

A 
APC activates CD4T cell that secrets IL-2 that activates CD8 T cells that go to attack MHC I presenting cells
Virus infected
Transpplants
Foreign Cells
Listeria
Cancer

Immuno (7 decks)

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