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AP Psychology > Unit 4: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 4: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be too stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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2
Q

cognitive learning:

A

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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4
Q

Who is the founder of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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5
Q

Who is the founder of Behaviorism?

A

John B Watson

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6
Q

Behaviorisms

A

The view that psychology
1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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7
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that unconditionally-neutral and automatically-triggers a response

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as good in the mouth)

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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11
Q

Conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus triggers a conditioned response

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13
Q

Higher-Order conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is aired with a neutral stimulus making a second weaker conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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15
Q

stimulus generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

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16
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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18
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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19
Q

Operant Chamber/Skinner Box

A

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key picking

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20
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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21
Q

Shaping

A

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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22
Q

Discrimination stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in context to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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23
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus to strengthen a behavior

24
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen a behavior

25
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

26
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

27
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement occurs after every nth behavior, such as by 10 coffees, get 1 free, or pay per product unit produced - every so many

28
Q

Fixed Interval

A

reinforcement for behavior occurs after a fixed time, such as yearly salary promotions - every so often

29
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforcement occurs after a random number of behaviors, as when playing slot machines - after an unpredictable number

30
Q

Variable interval

A

reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time, as in checking for a Facebook response - unpredictably often

31
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

32
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

33
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response by much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

34
Q

Positive punishment

A

adding an aversive stimulus

35
Q

Negative punishment

A

removing a rewarding stimulus

36
Q

Respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

37
Q

Latent learning (Edward Thorndike)

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

37
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

38
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

39
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

40
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

41
Q

coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

42
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

43
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

44
Q

learned helplessness

A

the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

45
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

46
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

47
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

48
Q

Limits of classical conditioning

A

Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences.

49
Q

Limits of Operational conditioning

A

natural selection and learning (genetic predisposition)

50
Q

Taste Aversion (john Garcia)

A

conditioned tasted aversion (biologically primed associations) Ex: Nintendo game cartridges laced with bitter taste to prevent digestion of games

51
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning by observing others

52
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

53
Q

Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment

A

children acted hostile towards an inflatable clown, directly imitating the actions of an adult they had recently watched.

54
Q

Mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so (may enable both pain and empathy)

55
Q

Imitation

A

the action of using someone or something as a model, and re-enacting their action

AP Psychology (4 decks)

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