Test 2

Question 1

Summarize Wundt’s accomplishments and contributions to psychology

Answer 1

He established the first psychology lab; measured the lag time between people’s hearing and their reaction; studied “atom of the mind”

Question 2

Summarize Hall’s accomplishments and contributions to psychology

Answer 2

He studied under Wundt and established the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory at John Hopkins Uni.

Question 3

What is structualism

Answer 3

Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

Question 4

What is functionalism

Answer 4

Early school of thought promoted by Jame and influence by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral process function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Question 5

Introspection

Answer 5

careful, systematic observation of one’s own conscious experience.

Question 6

Free association

Answer 6

Freud’ theory of personality that attributed thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Question 7

Psychoanalysis

Answer 7

A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Question 8

Unconscious

Answer 8

Freud - a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Psychologists - information processing of which we are unaware

Question 9

Id

Answer 9

unconscious psychic energy that, according the Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Question 10

Superego

Answer 10

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgements (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Question 12

hindsight Bias

Answer 12

the tendency upon learning an outcome of an event - such as an experiment, a sporting event, a contest - to overestimates one’s ability to have foreseen the outcome

Question 13

overconfidence

Answer 13

the tendency to overestimate our knowledge and abilities in a certain area

Question 14

confirmation bias

Answer 14

the tendency of people’s minds to see out information that supports the views they already hold.

Question 15

Social desirability bias

Answer 15

a type of response bias that occurs when respondents provide answers according to society’s expectations, rather than their own beliefs or experiences.

Question 16

critical thinking bias

Answer 16

directed, problem-focused thinking in which the individual tests ideas or possible solutions for errors or drawbacks. It is essential to such activities as examining the validity of a hypothesis or interpreting the meaning or research results.

Question 17

Experimenter or Research bias

Answer 17

expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment

Question 18

Theory

Answer 18

explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed.

Question 19

Theory example

Answer 19

we observe over and over again that people with good sleep habits tend to answer questions correctly in class, and they do well at test time. We might theorize that sleep improves memory.

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

a good theory produces testable predictions. Predictions specify what results (behaviors or events) would support the theory and what results would cast doubt on the theory.

Question 21

Hypothesis example

Answer 21

If people are sleep deprived, Then they will remember less from the day before

Question 22

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 22

hypothesis states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable has an effect on the other)

Question 23

Null Hypothesis

Answer 23

the statement or claim being made that we are trying to disprove (the two variables do not have an effect on each other)

Question 24

Operational definitions

Answer 24

carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

Question 25

Operational definition example

Answer 25

“sleep deprived” may be defined as X hours less than the person’s natural sleep

Question 26

Replication

Answer 26

Using exact descriptions and procedures to repeat the research. Other people should be able to recreate the study with different participants in different situations. If they get similar results, we can be confident that the findings are reliable.

Question 27

Survey

Answer 27

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Question 28

Sampling bias

Answer 28

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Question 29

Population

Answer 29

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (usually very specific)

Question 30

Random sample/selection

Answer 30

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 31

random assignment

Answer 31

the likelihood that all participants in a group or a sample have an equal chance of being assigned to the different conditions within the study

Question 32

Experiment

Answer 32

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variables.

Question 33

Experimental v. Control Group

Answer 33

1. In an experiments, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
2. The group NOT exposed to the treatment, contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Question 34

Placebo Group

Answer 34

A group that receives what, to them, appears to be a treatment, but actually is neutral and does not contain any active treatment

Question 35

Single-Blind procedure

Answer 35

One of the groups (participants) are unaware as to which group they are in (experiment or control) while the researcher who developed the experiment knows which participants are in each group

Question 36

Double-blind procedure

Answer 36

An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment. “A double-blind procedure is used to guard against bother experimenter bias and placebo effects”

Question 37

Placebo and the Placebo effect

Answer 37

The placebo effect is when a person’s physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or “dummy treatment”

Question 38

Independent variable

Answer 38

A variable that is manipulated by a researcher to investigate whether it consequently brings change in another variable

Question 39

Dependent variable

Answer 39

A variable (often denoted by y) whose value depends on that of another

Question 40

confinding variable

Answer 40

those that affect other variables in a way that produces false, fake, or distorted associations between two variables.

Question 41

control variables

Answer 41

Any variable that’s held constant in a research study. It’s not a variable of interest in the study, but it’s controlled because it could influence the outcomes

Question 42

Locke Empiricism

Answer 42

Wrote series of essays to express his values of empiricism: The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Question 43

superego

Answer 43

Part of the conscious and subconscious mind that controls internalized ideals, and provides standards of judgement

Question 44

Oedipus Complex

Answer 44

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desire toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 45

Fixation

Answer 45

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved