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Chemistry > Unit 4. Ionic Bonding > Flashcards

Unit 4. Ionic Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

Simply explained what is ionic bonding

A

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of one or more electrons from the outer shell of one atom to the outer shell of another atom

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2
Q

What are cations

A

Cations are atoms with a positive charge

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3
Q

What are anions

A

Anions are atoms with a negative charge

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4
Q

What are anions and cations

A

Ions

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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. They are formed by elements with an electro negativity difference greater than 1.8

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6
Q

What are ionic compounds composed of?

A

A metal and non-metal

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7
Q

What are the exceptions to what ionic bonds are usually composed of (non metal and metal)?

A

Salt ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), it features ionic bonding between the ions and covalent bonding between the atoms that up the ammonium ion.

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8
Q

How are ions arranged in an ionic compound?

A

Regular crystalline structure, a lattice structure

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9
Q

How many chloride ions surround a sodium ion in salt, a lattice structure and vise versa

What is the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions in salt based on the molecular formula NaCl

A

Each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chloride ions
And vise versa

1 to 1

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10
Q

What is ionic bonding described as

A

Non directional, as the force of attraction occurs in all directions around the indictable ions.

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11
Q

What is the coordination number of sodium ions and chloride ions in salt

A

6, as both ions are in contact with 6 other ions

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12
Q

What are the general patterns for certain groups for their formation of ions

A

Group 1: 1+ charge
Group 2: 2+ charge
Group 13: 3+
Group 15: 3-
Group 16: 2-
Group 17: 1-
Group 18: do not form ions

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13
Q

List formulae of positive ions

A

Lithium, Li+
Sodium, Na+
Potassium, k+
Caaesium, Cs+
Calcium, ca 2+
Magnesium Mg2+
Aluminium Al 3+
Zinc Zn 2+
Copper (II) Cu2+
Lead Pb 2+
Iron (II) Fe2+
Iron (III) Fe3+

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14
Q

List formulae of negative ions

A

F-
Cl-
Br-
I-
Oxide O2-
Sulfide S2-
Nitride N3-
Phosphide P3-

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15
Q

What are polyatomic ions

A

Polyatomic ions are ions that consist of more than one atom. The atoms that make up the polyatomic ion are bonded by covalent bonds, but the type of bonding that occurs between a polyatomic ion and another ion is ionic.

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16
Q

Give the formulae of polyatomic ions

A

Name Formula
Hydroxide OH−
Nitrate NO3−
Nitrite NO2−
Hydrogen carbonate HCO3−
Carbonate CO32−
Sulfate SO42−
Sulfite SO32−
Phosphate PO43−
Chlorate ClO3−
Perchlorate ClO4−
Chlorite ClO2−
Hypochlorite ClO−
Ammonium NH4+

17
Q

Are ionic compounds neutral

A

Yes the oppositely charged ions must cancel out to form a neutral compound

18
Q

What is the formula of an ionic compound

A

The formula of an ionic compound is simply the ratio of the ions that make up the compound, so that, overall, the charges cancel out.

19
Q

Melting and boilings points of ionic compounds

A

The strong attraction between the ions results in ionic compounds having relatively high melting and boiling points. This means that relatively large amounts of energy are required to break these forces of attraction between the ions. For this reason, ionic compounds are solids under standard conditions.

20
Q

What does the melting point of an ionic compound depend on

A

the ionic charge and the ionic radius of its component ions. The greater the charge on the ion and the smaller its ionic radius, the greater the attraction between the oppositely charged ions and the higher the melting point.

21
Q

What is volatility

A

a term used to describe how easily a substance evaporates

22
Q

Volatility of ionic compounds?

A

Ionic compounds have very low volatility because of the strong forces of attraction between the ions in the lattice structure.

23
Q

Solubility of ions?

A

Most ions are soluble. The solubility of an ionic compound depends somewhat on the forces of attraction between the water molecules and the ions in the lattice structure.

24
Q

How do ionic compounds dissolve in water

A

The first step in the dissolving process is the break down of the lattice structure. The second step involves the separated ions being surrounded by water molecules, which is known as hydration (Figure 1). When this happens, the solid dissolves

25
Q

What role does water play in the solubility of ionic compounds

A

Water molecules are polar because of the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen. At the surface of the ionic lattice, where it is in contact with the water molecules, the partial charges of the water molecule are attracted to the oppositely-charged ions in the lattice structure. These ions break off from the lattice and are surrounded by water molecules. If the forces of attraction between the water molecules and the ions in the lattice structure are strong enough to overcome the attractions between the ions themselves, then the ionic compound is soluble.

26
Q

Solubilty of ionic compounds in non polar solvents

A

Non-polar solvents cannot disrupt the lattice structure in the same way, therefore, the solubility of ionic substances in solvents such as hexane and propanone is limited.

27
Q

like dissolves like is a meme technique and reminds of what

A

Polar substances are soluble in polar solvents and non-polar substances are soluble in non-polar solvents.

28
Q

Are solid ionic compounds conductive?

A

Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid because the ions are held in fixed positions in the lattice structure.

29
Q

When do ionic compounds conduct electricity

A

When an ionic compound is melted (molten) or dissolved, the ions are free to move and carry an electric current. As there are mobile ions

30
Q

Are ionic compounds brittle?

A

Ionic compounds tend to shatter when a force is applied; they are said to be brittle. They fracture across a plane when the layers of ions become incorrectly aligned (Figure 3). This occurs because the movement of the ions within the lattice when the force is applied places ions of the same charge next to each other. The forces of repulsion between ions of the same charge cause the lattice structure to split and fracture.

Chemistry (14 decks)

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